Aflatoxin can be degraded by the mycelium of aspergillus parasiticus.

Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were degraded by the 8- and 16-day old but not by the 4-day old mycelium of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus. The 16-day old mycelium degraded the toxin more rapidly than did the 8-day old mycelium. Degradation of toxin by the mycelium was similar at pH 2.5 and 6.0.     

Aflatoxin at several initial concentrations is degraded by different amounts of mycelium of aspergillus parasiticus

Summary Increasing amounts of a blendure of 9-day-old mycelia ofAspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 added to aflatoxin-salts reaction mixtures resulted in increased rates at which aflatoxin B₁ and G₁ were degraded. Similarly, increasing the amount(s) of aflatoxin B₁ and/or G₁ in the aflatoxin-salts reaction mixture resulted in increased rates of degradation of aflatoxins B₁ and G₁ by mycelia. This mycelial blendure degraded aflatoxin G₁ approximately 1.6 times more rapidly than aflatoxin B t when comparable amounts of the aflatoxins were initially present. When the same mycelial blendure was used to compare combined effects of size of inoculum and initial aflatoxin concentration on aflatoxin degradation, it appeared that increasing the amount of either inoculum or aflatoxin resulted in a comparable increase in degradation of aflatoxin B₁ and G₁. Hence, doubling the amount of inoculum or of aflatoxin xesulted in approximately doubled rates at which aflatoxins B1 and G₁ were degraded.

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Abbau von Aflatoxin bei verschiedenen Anfangskonzentrationen durch unterschiedliche Mycel-Mengen von Aspergillus parasiticus

Zusammenfassung Wenn zunehmende Mengen von 9 Tage altem Mycel vonAspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 zu einem Aflatoxin-Salz-Gemisch gegeben wurden, dann stieg die Geschwindigkeit des Aflatoxinabbaues an. In gleicher Weise verursachten zunehmende Mengen von Alfatoxin B1 und/oder G₁ in dieser flüssigen Mischung eine größere Geschwindigkeit des Aflatoxinabbaues durch das Mycel. Das Mycel baute Aflatoxin G₁ 1,6-mal schneller ab als Aflatoxin B₁, wenn gleiche Mengen beider Aflatoxine am Anfang anwesend waren. Wenn die gleiche Mycel-Mischung angewandt wurde, um den kombinierten Effekt von Größe der Impfmenge und Aflatoxin-Anfangskonzentration auf den Aflatoxin-Abbau zu vergleichen, stieg bei einer erhöhten Impfmenge bzw. bei einer erhöhten Aflatoxin-Konzentration der Grad des Abbaues von Aflatoxin B₁ oder G₁ an. Bei Verdoppelung der Ansätze war der Abbau des Aflatoxin B₁ und G₁ ungefähr ebenfalls verdoppelt.

     

Production of aflatoxin and its partition between the medium and the mycelium ofaspergillus parasiticus during incubation under various conditions

European Food Research and Technology - Spores of an aflatoxigenic strain ofAspergillus parasiticus were inoculated into a glucose-salts medium which was incubated with and without shaking at...     

Production of aflatoxin and its partition between the medium and the mycelium of Aspergillus parasiticus during incubation under various conditions.

Spores of an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus were inoculated into a glucose-salts medium which was incubated with and without shaking at 28 degrees C for 15 days. Without shaking, maximal production of total aflatoxin and aflatoxins B1, G1, and G2 occurred at 5 days, whereas the maximal amount of B2 appeared after 7 days. Initially approximately 5% of the total toxins appeared in the mycelium but this increased to more than 60% after 5 days. Shaking of cultures during incubation served to reduce production of total aflatoxin and of each of the individual toxins. The maximal amount of total aflatoxin and of toxins B1 and G1 appeared in shaken cultures after 5 days, whereas 8 and 11 days were needed to obtain maximal amounts of B2 and G2, respectively. The mycelium of shaken cultures initially retained approximately 50% of the total aflatoxin and this increased to about 80% as the incubation progressed. Very little aflatoxin was synthesized at 35 and 45 degrees C and production of total aflatoxin and of each individual toxin was less at 15 degrees C than at 25 or 28 degrees C. When the medium contained 0.5 to 50% glucose, maximal amounts of total aflatoxin and of aflatoxins B1, G1 and G2 appeared in the presence of 30% glucose; only 20% glucose was needed to obtain the greatest amount of B2. The mycelium retained approximately 50% of total aflatoxin when the medium contained 5 to 20%. Neither aflatoxin G1 nor G2 were detected when the medium contained 0.05% ammonium sulfate and only B1, B2, and G1 appeared in the medium with 0.1% of the salt. Maximal production of each individual aflatoxin and of total aflatoxin occured with 1% of ammonium sulfate in the medium. The proportion of total aflatoxin retained by the mycelium decreased from 83 to 37% as the amount of ammonium sulfate in the medium was increased from 0,05 to 10%.     

Microwave irradiation of hazelnuts for the control of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus parasiticus

In this study, the effects of microwave treatment on hazelnuts artificially contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The physical quality attributes (color, moisture loss, and sensory attributes) of microwave treated hazelnuts were also evaluated. A significant 3-log reduction in Aspergillus parasiticus contamination was observed after 120 s treatment, no or similar changes were observed during the storage of microwave treated hazelnuts under the storage conditions. While taste and odour of microwaved in shell hazelnuts were unaffected during treatment and subsequent storage, microwave treatment duration of 120 s was found to be capable of reducing fungal count of A. parasiticus on in-shell hazelnut without any noticeable change in nutritional and organoleptic properties of nuts. Based on this and the earlier study, a hybrid process is proposed, where UV-C surface treatment and vacuum assisted microwave are combined with air drying to increase the shelf life and control the quality.Industrial relevanceA hybrid industrial process is proposed, where UV-C surface treatment and vacuum assisted microwave treatment are combined to increase the shelf life and control the quality of hazelnuts.     

Growth and biosynthesis of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus in cultures containing nisin

Summary Nisin, 200 or 5000 Reading units/ml, was added toAspergillus parasiticus cultures. The cultures were incubated at 28 °C for 3, 7 or 10 days and analyzed for mycelial dry weight, pH and accumulation of aflatoxin B₁ and G₁. During the first 3 days of incubation, dry weight, pH decrease and aflatoxin accumulation were suppressed by nisin, when compared with similar values for the nisin-free control. After longer incubation, differences in dry weight and pH values decreased, whereas accumulation of aflatoxin in the nisin-containing cultures surpassed that of the control.

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Wachstum und Aflatoxin-Biosynthese von Aspergillus parasiticus in Nisin-enthaltenden Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Nisin (200 oder 5000 Reading-Einheiten/ml) wurdeAspergillus parasiticus Kulturen zugegeben. Die Kulturen wurden bei 28 °C für 3, 7 oder 10 Tage bebrütet und auf Mycel-Trockengewicht, pH und Aflatoxin-Inhalt geprüft. Während der ersten drei Tage wurden das Wachstum und die Aflatoxin-Biosynthese durch Nisin etwas gehemmt, nach längere Incubation jedoch gefördert.

     

Growth and biosynthesis of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus in cultures containing nisin

Nisin, 200 or 5000 Reading units/ml, was added to Aspergillus parasiticus cultures. The cultures were incubated at 28 degrees C for 3, 7 or 10 days and analyzed for mycelial dry weight, pH and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 and G1. During the first 3 days of incubation, dry weight, pH decrease and aflatoxin accumulation were suppressed by nisin, when compared with similar values for the nisin-free control. After longer incubation, differences in dry weight nd pH values decreased, whereas accumulation of aflatoxin in the nisin-containing cultures surpassed that of the control.     

Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus by citrus oils

Summary Aspergillus parasiticus was inoculated into grapefruit juice and a glucose-yeast extract medium; both contained 500–7000 ppm of citrus oils that were incorporated into the media by sonication. Orange and lemon oil were more inhibitory to mold growth and aflatoxin production than was d-limonene, the main constituent of the two peel oils. After 7 days at 28° C, 2000 ppm of lemon and 3000 ppm of orange oil in grapefruit juice afforded maximum suppression of mold growth and toxin formation. When the glucose-yeast extract medium was used, 3000 ppm of either oil were needed to achieve the same result. After 4 days at 28° C, orange oil at 3500 ppm in either medium markedly inhibited mold growth (as evidenced by dry weight of mold mycelium) and aflatoxin production (only 14 and 1% of the amount normally produced in the juice and artificial medium, respectively). Higher concentrations of orange oil further reduced mold growth and aflatoxin production and also delayed the onset of sporulation, if it occurred. Although aflatoxin was detected in all samples, only 0.2 to 0.5% of the amount found in controls (without the citrus oil) was present when the medium contained 7000 ppm orange oil. The mold consistently grew, albeit very poorly, on the glass at the liquid-atmosphere interface even when the substrate contained a large amount of citrus oil.

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Hemmung des Wachstums und der Aflatoxinproduktion von Aspergillus parasiticus durch Orangenöl, Citronenöl und d-Limonen

Zusammenfassung Pampelmusensaft und ein Glucose-Hefeextrakt-Medium wurden beide mit 500–7000 ppm Orangenöl, Citronenöl oder d-Limonen angereichert und dann mitAspergillus parasiticus beimpft. Wachstum und Aflatoxinproduktion des Pilzes wurden stärker durch die Öle als durch d-Limonen gehemmt, obwohl dieser der Hauptbestandteil der beiden Öle ist. 2000 ppm Citronenöl bzw. 3000 ppm Orangenöl in Pampelmusensaft genügten zur starken Hemmung der Wachstums- and der Aflatoxinproduktion vonA. parasiticus während 7 Tage bei 28° C. Wenn Glucose-Hefeextrakt als Nährboden diente, dann wiesen bei 3000 ppm beide Öle gleiche Hemmung auf. Wenn beide Nahrboden nur 4 Tage bei 28° C gehalten wurden, dann waren 3500 ppm Orangendl notwendig, um Wachstum and Aflatoxinproduktion zu hemmen. Pampelmusensaft mit einem Orangenöl-Gehalt von 3500 ppm enthielt nur 14% der Aflatoxin-Menge des beimpften Saftes ohne Öl. Das Medium mit Glucose, Hefeextrakt und Orangendl hatte nur 1 % des Aflatoxin-Gehaltes der Kontrolle. Höhere Konzentrationen von Orangenöl hemmten noch stärker und verzögerten den Beginn der Konidienbildung. Wenn das Medium 7000 ppm Orangenöl enthielt, dann konnte nur geringes Pilzwachstum und Aflatoxinproduktion (0,2–0,5% der Kontrolle) beobachtet wurden; das minimale Wachstum des Pilzes geschah an der Grenzfläche Nährboden und Atmosphare.

     

香菇菌丝体液体发酵的研究

利用麸皮浸提液配制发酵培养基,研究了香菇菌丝体发酵培养基对胞外内多糖和菌丝体生物量的影响.结果表明,最适宜培养基配方为麦麸60％、蔗糖1％、MgSO40.15％、KH2PO40.2％.研究了香菇液体菌种发酵过程中菌丝体生物量、pH值、胞外多糖含量的变化,确定了最佳接种量为12％,最佳发酵时间为11d,发酵液的最终pH值在4.2左右.     

超滤法浓缩阿魏酸酯酶和阿拉伯木聚糖酶混合酶制剂的研究

用截留分子量2万的中空纤维膜超滤阿魏酸酯酶与阿拉伯木聚糖酶的混合酶制剂。研究了超滤进口压力、超滤温度对膜通量和酶活的影响,确定了进口压力0.10～0.15MPa、超滤温度25～30℃为最佳操作工艺参数。酶的浓缩倍数可达7倍以上,使酶制剂更加方便保存。采用2次超滤的方法可以去除浓缩酶液中90%的低聚糖和阿魏酸等小分子物质,解决了酶制剂使用中的产物抑制问题。     

Effect of anilinopyrimidine resistance on aflatoxin production and fitness parameters in Aspergillus parasiticus Speare

Mutants of Aspergillus parasiticus resistant to the anilinopyrimidine fungicides were isolated at a high mutation frequency after UV-mutagenesis and selection on media containing cyprodinil. In vitro fungitoxicity tests resulted in the identification of two predominant resistant phenotypes that were highly (R₁-phenotype) and moderately (R₂-phenotype) resistant to the anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil, pyrimethanil and mepanipyrim. Cross-resistance studies with fungicides from other chemical groups showed that the highly resistance mutation(s) did not affect the sensitivity of R₁-mutant strains to fungicides affecting other cellular pathways. Contrary to that, a reduction in the sensitivity to the triazoles epoxiconazole and flusilazole, the benzimidazole carbendazim, the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, the dicarboximide iprodione and to the strobilurin-type fungicide pyraclostrobin was observed in R₂-mutant strains. Study of fitness parameters of anilinopyrimidine-resistant strains of both phenotypic classes showed that all R₁ mutant strains had mycelial growth rate, sporulation and conidial germination similar to or even higher than the wild-type parent strain, while these fitness parameters were negatively affected in R₂ mutant strains. Analysis of the aflatoxin production showed that most R₁ mutant strains produced aflatoxins at concentrations markedly higher than the wild-type parent strain. A considerable reduction in the aflatoxin production was observed on cultured medium and on wheat grains by all R₂ mutant strains, indicating a possible correlation between fitness penalties and aflatoxigenic ability of A. parasiticus. The potential risk of increased aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and their byproducts by the appearance and predominance of highly aflatoxigenic mutant strains of A. parasiticus resistant to the anilinopyrimidines is discussed.     

The effect of zinc and phytic acid on the incorporation of 1-14C-acetate into aflatoxin by resting mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus.

The effect of zinc and phytic acid on [1-14C]-acetate incorporation into aflatoxins by resting mycelium was studied. When different levels of ZnSO4 were used to study its effect on the incorporation of [1-14C]-acetate into aflatoxins, it was found that the specific radioactivity incorporation into aflatoxins was maximum at the level of 10 mM-ZnSO4. At this concentration the change in the specific radioactivities of aflatoxins B1 + B2 and aflatoxins G1 + G2 were +74.61% and +29.66%, respectively. On the other hand, phytic acid had an inhibitory effect on the incorporation of [1-14C]-acetate. These observations have been correlated in order to find out why soyabean is unable to produce aflatoxins by Aspergillus parasiticus.     

花生粕酶水解液中黄曲霉毒素脱毒定性研究

本文研究了一种新工艺,将花生粕深度酶水解后,使微溶于水的黄曲毒素（AFT）从结合的疏水性氨基酸残基上充分游离,采用过滤法,截2留住大部分黄典霉毒素,从而使AFT含量显著下降。     

黑曲霉液体发酵分泌纤维素酶系特性的研究

在液体发酵条件下,以纤维素粉或麦麸为不同碳源时,黑曲霉纤维素酶系各组分最高酶活,比酶活及其形成时间均有较大差异,以混合碳源(1．0％纤维素粉 2．0％麦麸)最佳。葡萄糖能明显延长内切葡聚糖酶(C1)最高酶活形成时间,酵母膏对各组分酶均几乎无影响;葡萄糖浓度小于0．1％和大于0．05％时分别显著促进C1和抑制外切葡聚糖酶(Cx)的分泌,而不同浓度均促进β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)分泌,分别降低C1及提高Cx和βG的比酶活;酵母膏降低Cx最高酶活及各组分比酶活,浓度小于0．4％时对C1和βG的分泌有明显促进作用。三种组分酶的分泌规律和酶系不同时期的均衡性极不相同,葡萄糖对C1和βG分泌规律有较明显的改变。     

羊肚菌菌丝体液体培养富锌条件的优化

通过对蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)、大球盖菇(Stropharia rugoso-annulata)、铆钉菇(Gomphidiaceae)、杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii)、美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、羊肚菌(Morehella esculenta)、灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)和真姬菇(Hypsizygus marmoreus)等食用菌富锌能力的考察,筛选出具有较强的耐锌和富锌能力的羊肚菌做为富锌菌种,并采用液体发酵技术对羊肚菌菌丝体富锌适宜的锌源、锌浓度和发酵条件进行了优化.结果表明:羊肚菌菌丝体富锌适宜的锌源是Zn(CH3COO)2,在100～ 800mg/L的锌浓度范围内菌丝体都可以生长,菌丝体对锌的最适富集浓度为600mg/L羊肚菌菌丝体最优富锌条件为:发酵温度25℃,起始pH7,振荡转速150r/min,250mL三角瓶装液50mL,锌添加量为600mg/L,接种量5％(V∶V)培养时间4d时,羊肚菌菌丝体的生物量及含锌量达最高,总富锌率可达23.20％,富集锌的有机化程度为37.71％.