秦一厂烟囱排气辐射监测系统改造及取样代表性分析

核电厂烟囱是核电厂向周围环境释放放射性物质的主要通道,其气载流出物的取样代表性是影响流出物监测准确性的关键因素.秦一厂烟囱排气辐射监测取样系统在原始设计中遵循ISO 2889-1975,不满足新标准ISO 2889-2010中关于气载流出物取样代表性的要求.针对该问题提出了改造方案,并对各种改造方案的优缺点进行分析,确...     

核电厂气载排出流放射性监测系统优化设计

根据有关法规标准和核电厂气载排出流放射性监测现场运行经验,对核电厂气载排出流放射性监测系统进行了优化设计。设计中,给出了核电厂烟囱气载排出流取样代表性验证试验的方法和流程,设计了烟囱气载排出流的全量程放射性监测系统,采用比值控制方案控制气载排出流的取样流量,提出了基于粒子群优化改进算法的控制器参数智能优化方法,构建了基于现场总线和冗余通讯网关的放射性监测系统总体网络结构。     

应用计算流体动力学分析烟囱气载流出物取样的混合均匀性

新版ISO标准《核设施的烟道和通风管道中的放射性物质取样》推荐采用单点取样器对核设施烟囱气载流出物进行取样。为了保证取样具有代表性,单点取样器需要布置在速度和浓度均匀分布的位置。应用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,对某烟囱装置的流场进行了模拟计算,并对烟囱不同高度截面上的混合均匀性进行了对比分析,可供后续现场试验及气载流出物取样系统设计参考。     

核电厂气载放射性物质源模型及审核关键点

气载放射性物质源模型是核电厂安全审评中的关键点之一。但是,目前大多数安全分析报告中,针对气载放射性物质源模型均采用了一种通用的简化模型进行假设,而这种简化模型无法适用于所有类别的气载放射性物质源。本文根据物理机制详细地推导出核电厂安全壳、燃料贮存厂房和辅助厂房中三大类气载放射性物质源的计算模型,并分别给出了审核计算这三类模型的关键点。     

台山核电厂气态流出物取样代表性评述

本文介绍了台山核电厂烟囱气态流出物取样监测系统的设计,并结合ISO 2889-2010标准要求,对该系统取样代表性进行了评述,为核电厂烟囱气态流出物取样监测系统的设计和审评提供参考。     

核设施烟囱气载放射性流出物排放取样代表性技术研究

<正>对核设施烟囱放射性气态流出物排放进行监测,获得核设施向环境排放的放射性物质的量,判断流出物排放是否满足管理限值要求并及时发现异常,是保障核设施正常运行的基本要求。对核设施烟囱内的气态流出物需连续取样,采取在线监测或实验室分析测量;由于排放的放射性物质在烟囱中分布可能不均匀,在取样管道中发生沉     

基于CFD方法的核设施气载流出物取样代表性研究

核设施气载流出物取样代表性的优劣,决定着对环境监测和辐射安全评价的准确性。应用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法,根据新版ISO 2889标准《核设施的烟道和通风管道中的放射性物质取样》中对取样位置的要求,对某核设施排气系统的流场进行了数值模拟并分析了不同取样位置的取样代表性。指出现有取样位置选取不尽合理的结论,通过对模拟结果进行分析,确定了合理取样位置,从而可以有效地监测放射性气载流出物的核素活度浓度,为辐射环境影响评价提供科学数据支持。     

核设施烟囱气态流出物取样代表性验证的技术要求研究

核设施的排放烟囱都设有连续取样和在线监测系统,对流出物中排放的气载放射性活度进行测量,以判明气态流出物排放是否满足管理限值要求,并及时发现污染异常,提供报警。但是,取样和监测系统中气态流出物的取样是否具有代表性,将直接影响流出物测量的准确性。ISO标准(ISO 2889—2010)和美国标准(ANSI/HPS N13.1—2011)都对核设施气态流出物取样监测的有关性能,提出了详细的量化指标和判定方法。本文在对上述标准编写的技术背景和国内外所开展的相关工作进行调研的基础上,研究分析了这些标准推荐的各项性能指标和验证方法。     

核设施气载放射性流出物取样新标准的分析与应用

介绍了新版标准ISO 2889-2010《核设施的烟囱和通风管道中的放射性物质取样》产生的背景和主要内容,该标准推荐在气体充分混合的区域,采用单嘴取样器,对核设施气载流出物进行取样,同时要求取样系统对空气动力学直径为10μm的气溶胶粒子的传输比不小于50%,这与旧版标准的要求产生了较大变化。将该标准与相应的美国国家标准进行了对比分析,同时讨论了新标准的实施方法和应用现状。     

核设施气载放射性排放物取样的管道损失--美国标准推荐的计算方法简介

介绍了美国气载放射性排出物取样与监测标准中推荐的气溶胶粒子管道损失的估算方法,重点介绍了粒子在取样管路的入口、弯头和不同方位角的直管段中产生壁损失的计算方法及计算公式应用的注意事项。这些估算方法可编制成管道损失计算软件,正确应用估算方法和计算软件,不仅可对现有烟囱取样系统给以评价,为烟囱取样系统设计提供依据,也可能为取样系统管道损失的监测或监控提供技术基础。最后将估算方法的应用与计算结果同部分实验数据和国外的某些计算结果作了对比。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.