核电厂人因工程验证方法探讨

对书面评价法、操纵员访谈法、静态仿真模拟法和动态实验法4类常用的核电厂人因工程验证方法进行了描述说明,比较了各种方法的优缺点,介绍了每种方法使用时的注意事项,为在核电厂开展验证时选择合适的方法提供了帮助。     

核电厂设计中的工效学—兼评三哩岛与切尔诺贝利事故

本文从人因工程学及一般人机系统工效学的理论，对三哩岛及切尔诺贝利核事故中违反工效学设计准则的一些原因进行了分析，并介绍了以前核电厂设计，运行，管理中存在的有关工效学与人因工程学中存在的问题，的最后综合叙述了核电厂人机系统设计中的工效学准则，以及对改善人员可靠性设计中提出的几点建议。     

核电厂核岛主设备支承间隙稳定性研究

核电厂核岛主设备与其支承之间设置有一定的间隙,目的是允许主设备因反应堆冷却剂系统温度和压力的变化而引起的自由热位移和热膨胀。间隙稳定性对核电机组的安全运行有重要意义,因此在役核电机组的每个换料周期中都需对此支承间隙进行测量评估,该测量评估工作花费时间长、辐射风险高。本文分析了支承间隙构成的影响因素,并结合间隙测量历史数据及工程经验提出了间隙稳定性概念及其验收准则,确定了间隙稳定性的评价流程。结合某在运核电厂稳压器支承间隙实测数据进行验证,为缩短间隙测量周期提供依据。该方法可缩短停堆换料的周期,减少大修测量人员的辐照剂量,保证机组安全运行及提高经济性。     

基于人因工程的核电厂控制室系统设计与改进分析

核电厂控制室系统设计是一个不断优化的过程,在这个过程中应用人因工程理论和原则既是法规标准的要求,也是确保优化效果的有力工具。文章阐述了人因工程原则在核电厂控制室系统设计和改进中应用的方法,即在人因工程理论和相关实践分析的基础上,从控制室系统功能、人机界面、数字化规程、控制室布置和环境设计等方面进行全面考虑,如在控制室系统功能设计上设计者需进行过程分析、验证确认和长期跟踪监控等工作。文章提炼了应用人因工程原则进行控制室系统设计与改进时应重点考虑的因素,为核电厂控制室系统设计与改进提供思路和注意事项。     

核电厂集成系统确认情境选取方法

集成系统确认（ISV）是核电厂装料前对集成的人-机接口（HSI）进行基于效能的评估，适当的ISV情境选取方法是确认活动充分、必要、有序的保证。本文结合核电厂HSI设计，在满足美国核管会（NRC）发布的《人因工程审查模型》（NUREG 0711）关于运行工况采样评审要求的基础上，提出了一套具有体系性和可实施性的ISV情境选取方法，使ISV工作更加合理和高效。      

台山核电厂人因工程的审评

核电厂的控制室是操纵员对电厂生产过程进行监控的中心,控制室设计的优劣将直接影响核电厂的运行,甚至在某种程度上影响核电厂的安全.人因工程正逐步应用于核电厂的控制室设计.本文介绍了在对台山核电厂(EPR堆型)PSAR审评过程中重点关注的与人因工程有关的几个问题以及解决方法.     

核电厂主控室数字化运行画面的设计策略

满足核电厂运行安全和人因工程要求的数字化运行画面是先进主控制室人机界面设计成果之一,它能支持主控室运行人员对现场设备进行分散控制、集中监视、分级管理。本文对核电厂主控室数字化运行显示画面的设计策略进行了综述,介绍了运行画面的设计类型、设计内容、层次结构及运行方式,并阐述了人因工程在CPR1000核电厂主控室运行画面设计过程中的应用。     

核电厂多样化保护系统设计中验收准则的分析确定

阐述了核电厂多样化保护系统(DAS)信号设计的流程、方法,对DAS保护信号设置的验收准则的分析确定过程进行了论述,明确了验收准则确定的方法,针对不同工况确定了不同的验收准则。以福建福清核电厂预想事故为实例开展了相关验证,确保了验收准则的有效性与适用性,为后续工作奠定了基础。     

核电厂人因失误分析与人因失误动态作用模型

分析了核电厂人因失误动态影响因素和人因失误特性,并结合人的生理、心理因素分析了核电厂人因失误的分布规律。最后以现在运行的核电厂为依据,提出了核电厂人因失误动态作用模型。该模型可以更好地总结人因失误经验,使得人因研究成果在核电厂得到更直接的应用,更有效地减少人因失误。     

虚拟现实技术在核电厂仿真中的应用

通过对虚拟现实系统构成和关键技术的分析,对虚拟现实技术在核电厂仿真中的应用进行研究.针对核电厂仿真需求,结合核电厂运行和事故分析器,对核电厂棒控系统运动过程、安全壳内部漫游及虚拟主控室进行了实例仿真.仿真结果表明,虚拟现实技术可很好地应用在放射性较强的安全壳内仿真及与人因工程联系密切的主控室仿真上,也可应用在核电厂虚拟教学与培训系统中.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.