带长直管的小弯曲半径薄壁弯头推弯成形实验研究

带长直管的小弯曲半径(R=1D)薄壁弯头推弯成形极易产生成形不足、失稳起皱等缺陷。通过改变摩擦系数和成形内压两种工艺参数,研究带长直管的小弯曲半径弯头推弯成形。结果表明:管材内部压力的大小对弯头成形效果影响显著,压力太小会造成管材弯曲段产生失稳起皱的现象,压力太大则易造成弯管成形不足和弯管头部破裂等缺陷;管坯外壁与模具型腔摩擦力的大小对弯头成形亦有重要影响,摩擦力过大将阻碍管坯材料沿轴向的流动,降低弯头长度。实验采用聚氨酯填料作弹性介质,二硫化钼作润滑剂,内胀推弯成形带长直管的小弯曲半径薄壁弯头,其外侧壁厚减薄量控制在安全范围之内。     

基于响应曲面法的波形弹簧片冲压工艺参数优化

以汽车离合器波形弹簧片作为分析对象,利用响应曲面法对冲压成形工艺参数进行优化。通过中心设计组合法及弯曲成形模具得出板料成形高度的响应值,建立了工艺参数与成形高度之间的二阶响应面模型,研究得知工艺参数对板料成形高度交互式影响的顺序依次为:弯曲半径与冲压速度、模具间隙与冲压速度、弯曲半径与模具间隙。将模具间隙、弯曲半径以及冲压速度作为设计变量,以板料成形高度作为优化目标,结合Design Expert软件对响应曲面模型进行优化,通过分析得出优化的冲压工艺参数:弯曲半径为22.13 mm,模具间隙为1.01t mm,冲压速度为2699.47 mm·s-1,成形高度的响应值为1.782 mm,经过工艺参数的修正,成形高度的试验值为1.72 mm。然而相比于正交试验得出的成形高度优化值1.65 mm,响应曲面法在波形弹簧片冲压成形工艺参数的优化中更具优越性。     

铝合金大口径薄壁管数控弯曲实验研究

铝合金大口径薄壁管小弯曲半径数控弯曲成形过程中更容易发生起皱、截面畸变和壁厚减薄等缺陷。文章根据成形缺陷产生的原因对弯管模具结构和设备装置进行了改进,包括模具内锁设计、紧凑型柔性芯棒、模具并紧杆和长内衬顶推。在此基础上,采用实验研究方法,对Φ70mm×1.5mm×105mm(外径×壁厚×弯曲半径)的大口径薄壁铝合金管数控弯曲成形质量及应变规律进行了分析,并研究了顶推装置在大口径薄壁铝合金管数控弯曲成形中的效用。     

小弯曲半径薄壁纯锆U形管弯制模具的研制

薄壁纯锆U形管在弯制过程中容易产生椭圆度、回弹、划伤以及弯管内弧褶皱等现象,为了实现小弯曲半径薄壁锆管的弯制成形,根据U形管的弯制特点,并结合实际弯制经验,设计并制作了U形管的弯制模具。该弯制模具主要采用绕管方式进行弯制,U形管一端固定,另一端进行弯制。弯制试验结果表明,该弯制模具能够制作弯曲半径为50 mm和105 mm的φ25.4 mm×1.24 mm薄壁锆U形管,弯制后的U形管成形状态良好,检测结果均能满足GB 151—1999标准及设备生产工艺的要求,并能有效地保证弯管质量。     

铝合金小弯曲半径薄壁管数控绕弯模具设计

铝合金小弯曲半径薄壁管数控绕弯成形是多模具约束、多因素影响的复杂成形过程,成形过程中极易出现起皱、破裂等成形缺陷,而模具材料和结构的合理设计对成形质量的影响至关重要。通过分析铝合金小弯曲半径薄壁管的结构特点,结合导管数控绕弯工艺过程,对模具材料选取、模具结构设计及成形仿真等关键技术问题进行了研究,最终确定了铝合金小弯曲半径薄壁管数控绕弯模具的材料、结构形式、尺寸参数,通过数控绕弯成形几何运动仿真、有限元数值模拟与工艺实验,实现了满足设计要求的铝合金小弯曲半径薄壁管数控绕弯成形,证明了小弯曲半径薄壁管数控绕弯模具的可行性,为工程化应用奠定了基础。     

基于正交试验的涡轮壳成形工艺参数的优化

以涡轮壳作为研究对象,利用Simufact Forming软件对涡轮壳的成形回弹进行有限元仿真。以模具弯曲半径、模具间隙以及冲压速度作为影响因素,将板料的回弹量作为优化目标,借助正交试验法设计了4因素3水平仿真试验。通过仿真实验得到了各因素对板料成形回弹量影响的顺序分别为:模具间隙、模具弯曲半径、冲压速度;涡轮壳冲压成形的最优工艺参数组合方案为:模具间隙为1.0t、模具弯曲半径为55.2 mm、冲压速度为15 mm·s~(-1);最优方案下的回弹量仿真值为0.436 mm。随后,利用冲压模具对优化方案进行试验验证,结果显示,回弹量的试验值为0.494 mm,仿真值与试验值之间的误差为13.3%,验证了有限元仿真的正确性。     

基于显著性的薄壁铝合金管小弯曲半径数控弯曲工艺参数优化(英文)

薄壁铝合金管小弯曲半径数控弯曲是个多因素耦合、多模具约束下的复杂过程。提出以有限元模拟为基础,基于显著性的工艺参数优化方法,即采用析因因子设计分析工艺参数对成形质量,即最大壁厚减薄率和最大截面畸变变化率影响的显著性,获得影响显著的参数,即管与防皱模间间隙的最优值,并确定其他影响不显著的参数值,包括管与模具间的间隙和摩擦、芯棒伸出量和助推速度。结果应用于规格为d50mm×1mm×75mm和d70mm×1.5mm×105mm(管外径D0×管壁厚t0×弯曲半径R)的铝合金管弯曲,获得了合格的管件。     

基于虚拟正交试验的TA2弯头冷推制工艺参数优化设计

基于Deform-3D平台,以规格型号为Ф219 mm×5 mm的TA2管坯的冷推弯曲过程为研究对象,建立了有限元仿真模型。选取管坯与芯棒的间隙、管坯与模具的间隙、摩擦系数为影响因素,以成形弯头的壁厚均值和端部截面椭圆度为评价指标,完成基于有限元仿真的虚拟正交试验研究。得出各成形参数对弯头成形的影响规律,确定弯头成形的优化工艺参数组合为内外间隙值1.0 mm、摩擦系数值0.06。验证试验结果表明,模拟及正交试验优化结果准确有效,弯头成形质量符合要求。     

不同球心距对连续挤压异型材成形流动特征的影响

针对异型材形状特殊,引起连续挤压成形不稳定的问题,利用球形卸压的方法,将模具成形平面改为圆弧面。模拟半径为6. 5 mm的球心分别与模具入口表面距离为1. 5、2. 5和3. 5 mm时,横截面球形卸压区域的温度场和速度场,研究了纵截面某一稳态时刻,对称面直角变形区从上向下5个层面的速度和温度;讨论了模具不同球心距定径带处边缘和中间的流速均方差。研究结果表明,当半径为6. 5 mm的球心与模具入口表面距离为2. 5 mm时,坯料在球形卸压区域的温度分布均匀且温度较低,为575℃;坯料纵截面定径带处的速度为30～70 mm·s~(-1),且整体速度的极差最小为0～70 mm·s~(-1);定径带处边缘和中间的流速均方差差值最小为0. 324 mm·s~(-1)。经连续挤压得到的细化晶粒,不仅有利于提高金属强度和塑性,还可提高材料的表面质量。     

Weldox 960钢V形弯曲成形工艺实验研究

通过100 t单柱油压机对厚度为6mm的Weldox 960钢板材进行V型弯曲成形实验,并采用增加软金属缓冲垫板的方法对弯曲成形工艺进行优化,分析并对比优化前后Weldox 960钢在不同凸模半径下弯曲回弹、开裂、以及变形量特点.实验表明,对于厚度为6 mm的Weldox 960钢板材,当凸模半径增大到15～25 mm以上或在下模处增加较软金属垫板,均可有效减少弯曲成形时的纵向裂纹.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.