一种自适应的P2P流媒体数据调度算法

针对现有算法在有限带宽情况下数据块易丢失的问题,提出了一种新颖的数据调度算法——最少优先调度算法（LFSA）。该算法易于实现,并且可以根据网络的异构性,带宽抖动以及P2P网络节点的动态性进行自动调整。实验结果表明,LFSA能够有效缩短系统播放启动延迟,而且可以在不知道伙伴节点带宽和没有任何负载平衡机制的情况下取得比传统策略更好的性能。     

An efficient scheduling algorithm for scalable video streaming over P2P networks

During recent years, the Internet has witnessed rapid advancement in peer-to-peer (P2P) media streaming. In these applications, an important issue has been the block scheduling problem, which deals with how each node requests the media data blocks from its neighbors. In most streaming systems, peers are likely to have heterogeneous upload/download bandwidths, leading to the fact that different peers probably perceive different streaming quality. Layered (or scalable) streaming in P2P networks has recently been proposed to address the heterogeneity of the network environment. In this paper, we propose a novel block scheduling scheme that is aimed to address the P2P layered video streaming. We define a soft priority function for each block to be requested by a node in accordance with the block’s significance for video playback. The priority function is unique in that it strikes good balance between different factors, which makes the priority of a block well represent the relative importance of the block over a wide variation of block size between different layers. The block scheduling problem is then transformed to an optimization problem that maximizes the priority sum of the delivered video blocks. We develop both centralized and distributed scheduling algorithms for the problem. Simulation of two popular scalability types has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is effective in terms of bandwidth utilization and video quality.     

Towards efficient video chunk dissemination in peer-to-peer live streaming

There are substantial differences in chunk dissemination manner between P2P live streaming and BitTorrent, and inappropriate algorithms will result in inefficiency of live streaming systems. In this paper, we study the chunk dissemination of P2P live streaming, and introduce a discrete and slotted mathematical model to analyze chunk selection algorithms, including rarest first algorithm and greedy algorithm. Moreover, we present a performance metric to evaluate chunk selection algorithms, as well as the optimization function for the exploration of chunk dissemination strategies. We point out the causes of poor performance of these algorithms, and propose a service request randomization mechanism to promote the use of peer resources, which can prevent chunk requests from rendezvous on a few of peers. Simultaneously, we employ weight assignment strategies to avoid excessive requests for rare chunks. Besides, we present an enhanced model, which adds node degree constraint, to improve our model. We revisit the chunk selection algorithms based on the enhanced model. The results of simulation experiments validate our theoretical analysis and indicate that the weighted randomization mechanism is resilient to flash crowd and peer churn, and can improve the performance of P2P live streaming.     

P2P在线视频研究综述*

P2P技术凭借其开放性、可扩展性和高性价比等优点成为了目前解决在线视频问题的有效手段之一。 虽然P2P技术在文件共享和IP语音等方面的应用已经基本趋于成熟,但其在在线视频领域的应用尚处于起步 阶段,还面临着许多需要解决的问题。对P2P在线视频进行了全面而深入的分析,首先介绍了网络广播分类及 体系结构设计,整理和总结了已有的关于P2P在线视频系统的测量研究结果,最后对于P2P在线视频信任和污 染攻击等安全问题进行了概述。     

Adaptive,incentive and scalable dynamic tree overlay for P2P live video streaming

In this paper, we propose a new multicast tree framework to be used in peer-to-peer (P2P) live video streaming systems. The proposed system, adapts the tree links under high peer churn and runs in a totally distributed manner. In order to provide this dynamism and seamless streaming at the same time, we propose a cross layer design involving scalable video codec, backup parents and hierarchical clusters. The performance of the system is measured in real world environment PlanetLab that has nodes distributed all over the world. The experiments show that the proposed system provides high quality of experience (QoE) in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), playback delay and duration of pauses. The proposed system also provides incentive mechanism to its users.     

P2P流媒体数据调度研究综述

P2P流媒体通过利用网络上普通主机节点的资源来提供流媒体数据服务,是一种扩展性好、性价比高的流媒体服务体系。数据调度是P2P流媒体研究中的核心问题,流媒体中严格的服务质量要求、Peer节点状态的不稳定性以及其带宽资源的有限性是其面临的主要挑战。介绍了近几年来该领域基于单播树、多组播树和随机拓扑三类典型的数据调度策略的原理特点和Peer节点搜索定位技术的研究进展,指出了未来的几种研究方向。     

P2P流媒体的数据调度算法

数据驱动型覆盖网络中的数据调度算法是影响P2P流媒体系统性能的重要因素,为了解决当前算法未能有效利用数据块和节点的特性导致流媒体服务质量差的问题,提出了一种基于数据块优先级和节点能力度的数据调度算法。该算法能够根据数据块的稀缺性、紧迫性得到块的优先级大小,根据节点的上行带宽、在线时间、相对距离得到节点能力度的大小,使优先级高的数据块和能力度大的节点优先被请求,减少了数据块的播放等待时间。在OPNET网络仿真实验表明该算法能够有效降低流媒体播放系统的启动延时和服务器的负载。     

P2P视频直播数据调度算法

P2P技术解决了传统流媒体应用中的不能支持大用户的问题.而数据调度算法一直是P2P研究中的热点问题.在给出了P2P视频直播系统中节点能力的定义和计算方法后,结合BT中的Rarest First策略,提出了一种基于节点能力的适用于P2P视频直播系统的数据调度算法.该算法既考虑了流媒体数据具有时间限制的特性,同时也考虑了如何能充分的利用节点的上传带宽,增进了系统的负载平衡.     

Adaptive receiver-driven approach in P2P live streaming networks

Efficient delivery under changing network conditions is a major challenge in the design of live streaming systems. This study analyzes the key considerations and factors influencing live stream quality during system operations, and attempts to improve current P2P (peer-to-peer) live streaming systems by allowing users to enjoy high quality of service under the limitations of network resources. The proposed R-D (rate-distortion) optimized dynamic nodes join algorithm is based on multipath streaming concept and receiver-driven approach. This distributed algorithm enables the system to evaluate the current network status in order to optimize the end-to-end distortion of P2P networks. Experimental results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

基于图着色的P2P流媒体数据调度算法

为了提高P2P流媒体的传输性能,提出一种基于图着色的数据调度算法。算法规定加入系统的每个节点和数据块都被分配某种颜色,请求节点优先获取相同颜色的数据块。根据数据稀有性、紧急性、新鲜性定义数据块优先级别,同时评估伙伴节点数据提供能力,以选择恰当的数据提供者。该算法能有效平衡节点负载,合理利用系统带宽,使数据分布更均匀,提高了系统传输性能。仿真实验表明,算法在数据填充率、启动延迟、数据到达率等重要指标上都优于传统数据调度算法。     

无线Mesh网络中的P2P流媒体性能评估

通过搭建基于无线Mesh网络的P2P流媒体点播测试平台,对影响无线Mesh网络中P2P流媒体性能的流媒体编解码方式、编码速率、数据转发路径的选择和跳数四个因素进行了测试。实验结果表明,采用H.264编解码标准更适合无线Mesh网络中流媒体的传输;编码速率必须不大于网络连接速率才能获得高视频质量;P2P技术可以抵抗10%的丢包对视频质量的影响,比采用非P2P技术在视频的前1 000帧视频质量平均高出3 dB;由于P2P技术带来的流间干扰的影响使得1 000帧以后视频质量下降了6 dB,严重影响了流媒体性能;无线Mesh网络的传输能力随着跳数的增加而减弱,但是流媒体质量并未随着跳数的增加而降低。     

一种分阶段的P2P流媒体数据调度算法

针对当前P2P流媒体中各节点数据调度时独立获取数据而对提高节点间数据协作性考虑不足,导致服务器负载较重的问题,提出一种分阶段的数据调度算法。当多个节点将请求的数据中含有相同数据块时,各节点将分两个阶段合作的获取这些数据。第1阶段按照带宽相对大小各节点以合作的方式先各自获取数据的一个子集,第2阶段节点间再充分共享上一阶段已经获得的子集数据,协作地完成该轮调度的数据传输。仿真实验表明该算法可以提高节点间数据协作性,充分利用节点带宽资源传输媒体数据,提高系统可扩展性。     

Enabling resilient P2P video streaming: survey and analysis

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) techniques for multimedia streaming have been shown to be a good enhancement to the traditional client/server methods when trying to reduce costs and increase robustness. Due to the fact that P2P systems are highly dynamic, the main challenge that has to be addressed remains supporting the general resilience of the system. Various challenges arise when building a resilient P2P streaming system, such as network failures and system dynamics. In this paper, we first classify the different challenges that face P2P streaming and then present and analyze the possible countermeasures. We classify resilience mechanisms as either core mechanisms, which are part of the system, or as cross-layer mechanisms that use information from different communication layers, which might inflict additional costs. We analyze and present resilience mechanisms from an engineering point of view, such that a system engineer can use our analysis as a guide to build a resilient P2P streaming system with different mechanisms and for various application scenarios.     

Adaptive topology formation for peer-to-peer video streaming

In this paper we propose an adaptive P2P video streaming framework to address the challenges due to bandwidth heterogeneity and peer churn on the Internet. This adaptive streaming framework consists of two major components, source rate adaptation and adaptive overlay topology formation, to maximize the video quality and fully utilize the overall peer upload capacity. In the source rate adaptation, the video server adapts the video source rate automatically based on the local measurement of peers’ download rates, so that the P2P network is not overloaded beyond its bandwidth capacity and peers are able to achieve smooth video playback. To combat bandwidth heterogeneity, we propose to construct a desirable link-level homogeneous overlay topology using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, so that peers achieve an equal per-connection upload/download bandwidth. In this link-level homogeneous network, video flows do not encounter any bottlenecks along the delivery paths, and peers achieve high download rates to ensure smooth video playback. We also design a fully distributed algorithm to implement the dual mechanisms of the adaptive topology formation and the source rate maximization. To evaluate the performance of our streaming framework, we conduct both mathematical analysis and extensive simulations. The simulation results confirm our analysis and show that the proposed distributed algorithm is able to maximize the video playback quality with fast convergence.     

An incentive scheduling mechanism for peer-to-peer video streaming

P2P video streaming networks are found as a scalable solution and an alternative for traditional client–server based video streaming over the Internet. One of the significant issues affecting the success of any P2P streaming network is cooperation between peers. Practical observations have proved the prevalence of free riders in P2P networks that degrade their performance. To solve this problem, using incentive mechanisms, which encourage peers to contribute more in the network, is necessary. In this paper, we designed and proposed a distributed and scalable incentive mechanism for mesh based P2P video streaming networks. In the proposed approach the contribution of the peers is measured and maintained in a distributed fashion. Furthermore, we proposed an incentive sending side scheduler in which peers are served based on their contribution in the network. Our simulation evaluations show the efficiency of the proposed approach in improving the overall perceived video quality by the non-free rider nodes and consequently in the whole network.     

一种基于激励机制的P2P流媒体数据调度模型

针对P2P流媒体中现有算法在数据调度时不够公平的问题,提出了一种新的具有激励作用的算法模型.该算法模型可以根据节点的丢包率、贡献效率动态调节节点带宽分配以达到接收节点利益理性最大化和系统整体公平,提高了系统传输效率.仿真实验表明,该算法模型促进了节点的参与传输调度,达到了维持系统公平的目的.     

基于Donet的P2P流媒体直播优化调度算法

为了提高P2P流媒体系统的整体性能,改善节点的播放质量,针对现有调度算法启动延迟大和节点带宽利用率不高问题,提出了一种可动态调节各节点中待请求紧急数据的流媒体直播优化调度算法(LOSA).该算法不仅考虑了流媒体直播的时间特性,同时还考虑了如何减少紧急数据请求的等待时间以及对Peer节点上传带宽的充分利用.实验结果表明,LOSA算法缩短了终端用户观看视频的延迟,提高了媒体流的连续性.     

Adaptive resource scheduling mechanism in P2P file sharing system

Due to the inefficient resource adjustment, the current P2P file sharing systems cannot achieve the balanced relationship between supplements and demands over the resources. In this case, the uploading bandwidth of the system node cannot be utilized efficiently and the overall system QoS is degraded. In this paper, an adaptive resource scheduling mechanism called Push mechanism, is proposed, in which “proactive” strategies are provided to handle the unbalance supplement-demand relationship of some resource. Specifically, the system firstly forecasts which resource will becoming insufficient, then it pre-increase the uploaders over such resource so that the system performance is improved. Through numerical practical experiment in download platform of Tencent, it is proved that the proposed mechanism increases the downloading rate, saves the traffic on the server and optimizes the system performance.     

Network-status aware quality adaptation algorithm for improving real-time video streaming over the internet

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Video streaming over Internet has been gaining momentum and several quality adaptation schemes have been reported to improve quality of the streamed videos. Most...