过冷流动沸腾中汽泡脱离直径的理论研究

汽泡脱离直径模型是壁面沸腾计算中的一个重要子模型。为了正确预测过冷流动沸腾中的壁面传热情况,研究结合新改进的汽泡生长模型,采用力平衡方法对过冷流动沸腾中的汽泡脱离直径进行了模拟。汽泡生长模型同时考虑了微液层、过热层和汽泡顶部过冷液体层对汽泡生长所做的贡献,并采用饱和沸腾与过冷沸腾2个实验对其进行了验证,结果表明预测曲线与实验值吻合良好。另外,选取了3个过冷流动沸腾实验来验证汽泡脱离直径模型,模拟结果均在可接受的误差范围内。     

基于微液层模型的单汽泡生长数值模拟研究

核态沸腾换热在传热传质方面有着重要的作用,其发生机理和传热传质过程仍是研究的重点。随着实验手段的提高,微液层模型得到了广泛的关注。通过对微液层中传热传质的分析,建立了微液层厚度与热流密度和气化率之间的关系。利用界面扩散法对汽液相界面进行追踪,并在汽泡与加热壁面之间构建微液层模型,研究在核态沸腾条件下,微液层的变化对汽泡生长和加热壁面温度分布的影响。结果表明,数值模拟得到的汽泡生长过程和加热壁面温度分布与实验结果吻合得很好,初步验证了模型的正确性。并通过数值模拟,进一步分析了汽泡生长过程中微液层、干性区域和汽泡底部半径的变化规律以及壁面温度的分布情况。     

基于分子动力学理论界面传质的过冷沸腾汽泡生长特性研究

基于分子动力学理论的准平衡态界面处界面蒸发/冷凝因素,以及汽泡底部微液层传热因素建立综合传热传质相变模型,对窄通道内汽泡过冷流动沸腾条件下的生长情况进行模拟。相变模型体现了汽泡底部微液层蒸发、近壁过热液体传热、汽泡顶部主流冷凝等多方面机制对汽泡生长的影响。模拟结果体现了汽泡底部微液层厚度的变化情况,与实验结果相吻合;微液层蒸发机制在汽泡生长初期对汽泡生长有较大影响,流道壁面效应对汽泡生长有显著影响。     

低干度流动沸腾临界热流密度预测模型

基于近壁面气泡拥塞理论,针对高压力、低流速两相流动沸腾传热,建立适用于低蒸汽干度条件下的临界热流密度(CHF)预测模型。模型通过质量守恒方程进行气泡层与主流区域的极限流量传递计算,并采用能够考虑浮升力影响的气泡脱离直径计算公式以及一些现有的气泡脱离点、湍流速度分布和截面含气率等经验公式作为求解模型的本构方程。根据试验数据拟合得到气泡层临界含气率计算公式。模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合良好,在高压力、低流速条件下具有较高的预测精度。     

水平矩形小尺度通道气泡脱离直径预测模型

为预测水平矩形小尺度通道内气泡脱离直径,以研究其泡核沸腾传热特性,采用力学方法对加热壁面附壁气泡进行力学分析,构建了一种基于受力平衡的气泡脱离直径预测模型。采用可视化实验的方法对其进行验证,结果表明,模型预测结果与实验数据之间的平均相对误差为±13.52%,该模型具有良好的气泡脱离直径预测准确度。      

纳米流体饱和池沸腾传热及CHF模型研究

纳米流体传热是一种新兴的换热方式,目前研究多集中在单相研究领域,而纳米流体沸腾传热特性的相关研究较少。本文采用热通量拆分方法,将壁面传热分为4种模型(微液层蒸发、气泡脱离前的瞬态导热、气泡脱离后的瞬态导热以及微对流换热),对这4种模型的传热量分别进行计算,结合壁面核化中心密度等参数,计算了壁面平均传热系数和CHF。结果表明,本文计算结果与国际上已发表的实验数据符合较好,充分验证了所建立模型的合理性。     

竖直窄缝水工质常压过冷沸腾流动与传热分析

以去离子水为工质,对常压下竖直窄缝通道内过冷沸腾流动与换热规律进行实验和数值模拟研究。对壁面气泡核化特点进行可视化实验分析,建立2 mm窄缝通道的壁面核化沸腾模型,包括:汽化核心密度、气泡脱离直径和气泡脱离频率关联式。以两流体模型为基础,结合壁面热量分配伦斯勒理工学院(RPI)模型以及壁面核化沸腾模型,建立竖直窄缝通道内过冷沸腾流动传热计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模型,对典型实验工况进行模拟分析,并与实验结果进行对比,两者吻合良好。     

流动沸腾中气泡生长过程的LB方法模拟

利用基于格子Boltzmann(LB)方法开发的气液相变数值模型,考察在竖直方向重力加速度恒定的情况下,水平方向加速度对工质为水的流动沸腾中气泡生长过程的影响,可以发现:气泡脱离直径与水平方向加速度呈指数减小关系,气泡脱离频率与水平方向加速度呈指数增大关系;气泡脱离时,前接触角随水平方向加速度增大而增大,后接触角随水平方向加速度增大而减小,但当水平方向加速度增加到一定程度时,气泡前后接触角均趋于恒定;气泡脱离后,水平方向加速度越大,气泡越是贴近下边界运动。     

竖直环形流道内欠热沸腾时的气泡行为研究

一般在沸腾传热实验中壁面的加热方式有电加热和流体加热两种,流体加热方式下的沸腾传热研究进行得很少.在水加热条件下,对水在竖直环形流道内欠热流动沸腾时的气泡行为进行了可视化研究.环隙宽度为5mm和3mm两种,质量流速分别为16.8～55.3kg/(m2·s)和15.3～62.1kg/(m2·s).可视化实验结果表明:在贴近壁面的区域存在气泡运动层,大部分气泡在气泡运动层内运动.在宽度为3mm的流道中,气泡在脱离壁面前一般会滑动;滑动距离不超过2～3倍气泡直径,并且存在反复胀缩的现象.5mm流道内的气泡则较少发生滑动,往往在脱离壁面后会被弹回壁面.气泡的滑动和离开壁面后又返回壁面的运动方式是沸腾具有高强度传热能力的原因之一.     

基于LB方法的管内流动沸腾传热模拟

为研究竖直管内流动沸腾的传热情况及气泡行为学,采用格子玻尔兹曼（LB）方法,利用改进后的伪势模型和热模型分别模拟流动和传热过程。为验证模型的合理性,对模拟结果与经验关系式进行了定量对比。之后对气泡行为对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了研究,结果表明,随着气泡的核化、生长、滑移和脱离,传热系数呈现周期性波动。最后考察了重力加速度对气泡行为和沸腾传热的影响,重力越大,气泡生长周期越短,沸腾传热系数越大。     

常压下ATF锆合金包壳Cr涂层表面饱和池式沸腾气泡行为实验研究

铬（Cr）涂层锆合金包壳是最有前途的耐事故燃料（ATF）的新型包覆材料之一,对其表面的气泡动力学进行研究有助于评估是否具有更好的传热性能。在常压下的Cr涂层锆合金包壳池式沸腾实验装置中对不同工艺方法下制备的Cr涂层锆合金包壳进行实验,研究了粗糙度等表面状态对气泡产生、长大以及脱离等气泡行为的影响。结果表明,气泡接触角与Cr涂层表面粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,表面气泡接触角越小;不同涂层工艺下制备的4种Cr涂层锆合金包壳样件表面的气泡脱离直径范围为1.256～1.446 mm,气泡脱离频率范围为29.99～50.97 Hz;气泡脱离直径与粗糙度呈负相关,脱离频率与粗糙度呈正相关;气泡脱离直径预测模型与实验数据之间的偏差为±6%,脱离频率预测模型与实验数据之间的偏差为±3%。     

竖直矩形窄缝通道内近壁汽泡生长和脱离研究

可视化研究窄缝通道内汽泡生长和脱离对于揭示窄缝通道内的沸腾传热机理具有重要意义。本文采用高速摄影仪从宽面和窄面可视化观察了常压条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡核化生长和脱离规律。研究结果表明，汽泡在核化点生长时，汽泡底部与加热面存在一小的接触面，总体而言，汽泡在生长过程中基本呈球状。在相同热工参数下，不同核化点处汽泡生长规律基本相同，但汽泡脱离直径相差较大。窄缝通道内汽泡生长速率小，脱离时间较长，可采用修正的Zuber公式预测窄缝通道内汽泡生长直径。在同一拍摄窗口内，统计分析了热工参数对汽泡平均脱离直径的影响规律。随热流密度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随入口欠热度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随主流速度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小。     

Study on characteristics of vapor–liquid two-phase flow in mini-channels

To explore the mechanism of boiling bubble dynamics in narrow channels, two types of channels are investigated which have I- and Z-shaped with width of 2 mm. Using VOF model and self-programming, the whole flow field is simulated with two different kinds of media, namely, water and ethanol. The influence of wall contact angle on the process of bubble generating and growth is studied, and the relationship between different channel shapes and the pressure drop is also investigated taking into account the effects of gravity, viscosity, surface tension and wall adhesion. The bubble generation, growth and departure processes are analyzed through numerical simulation and self-programming, and the influence of interface movements and changes on internal pressure difference and average surface heat transfer coefficient is investigated by using geometry reconstruction and interface tracking. It is found that wall contact angle has a great influence on the morphology of bubble. The smaller the wall contact angles are, the more round the bubbles are, and the less time the bubbles take to depart from the wall. The variation of contact angle also has effect upon the heat transfer coefficient. The greater the wall contact angle is, the larger the bubble-covered area is, thus the wall thermal resistance gets higher, and bubble nucleation is suppressed, and the heat transfer coefficient becomes lower. The role of surface tension in the process of boiling heat transfer is much more important than the gravity in narrow channels. The generation of bubbles dramatically disturbs the boundary layer, and the bubble bottom micro-layer can enhance the heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient of Z-shaped channels is larger than that of I-shaped ones, while the pressure drop of the former is obviously higher. In addition, surface tension and viscosity significantly impact the pressure drop of boiling system, and different specific heat and boiling point values result in different heat transfer coefficients. The simulation results in this paper match well with the experimental data revealed in other sources, both show that the heat transfer coefficient of water is higher than that of ethanol and Z-shaped channels have better heat transfer capability.     

Numerical simulation on single bubble behavior during Al2O3/H2O nanofluids flow boiling using Moving Particle Simi-implicit method

In this study, regression analysis on the thermal properties of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids was made firstly. The growth and departure of a single bubble behavior in Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluid and pure water flow boiling process were then numerically simulated by an improved Moving Particle Semi-implicit method in different flow boiling conditions. The results indicate that the bubble in Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids grows faster and the bubble departure frequency of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids is greater than that in pure water. The flow boiling heat flux is also improved by dispersing nanoparticles of Al₂O₃/H₂O in pure water. This work initially reveals that nanofluids can enhance flow boiling heat transfer from the point of view of bubble dynamics behavior. The effects of nanoparticle concentrations and diameters of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids on the bubble behavior were also investigated and compared under the same flow conditions. It is found that the increasing of nanoparticle volume concentration may increase the bubble departure frequency and departure diameter, while the increasing rates of departure frequency and departure diameter are lessened with the increasing of nanoparticle volume concentration. It is suggested that the suitable nanoparticle volume concentration of nanofluid for flow boiling heat transfer enhancement should not be too large, especially regarding the negative effect of flow resistance increase due to the increasing of nanoparticle volume concentration. The interesting finding is that in the same nanoparticle volume concentration condition, the bubble departure frequency for the nanofluid with nanoparticle diameter of 29 nm shows a maximum value. The increasing of nanoparticle diameter leads to the decreasing of bubble departure diameter. It is boldly to predict that an optimal nanoparticle diameter range between 20 and 38 nm should be beneficial to flow boiling heat transfer enhancement of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluids.     

Experimental and theoretical analysis of bubble departure behavior in narrow rectangular channel

Visual experimental study focusing on bubble growth and departure behaviors in a narrow rectangular channel was carried out in this paper. Deionized water was used as working fluid, and the experiment was performed at atmospheric pressure. The cross section of the narrow rectangular channel is 2 mm × 8 mm. A high speed digital camera was applied to capture the behaviors of bubble growth and bubble departure from the nucleation site. The bubble departure diameter, bubble inclination angle, upstream contact angle, downstream contact angle and bubble contact diameter were obtained according to the observation. An analysis of force balance on a growing bubble was performed to predict the bubble departure diameter in the narrow channel, and the effect of bubble interface parameters on the prediction of bubble departure diameters was discussed in this paper. The result of predicted model agrees well with the experimental result with a maximum relative deviation less than 25%. According to the study proposed in this paper, the mechanism of bubble departure from a nucleation site can be explained based on the force balance analysis of a growing bubble, and the major forces dominating the bubble departure are the buoyancy force, surface tension force and quasi-steady drag force.     

水基磁性流体池沸腾传热强化的实验研究

通过水和水基磁性流体池沸腾传热的对比实验,确定了水基磁性流体强化沸腾传热的效果,并进行了机理分析。实验结果显示,热流密度相同时,水基磁性流体的沸腾换热系数比水至少增强2倍,施加磁场可进一步强化沸腾传热,增强倍数可超过5倍。通过分析磁场对磁性流体中沸腾汽泡的影响,认为施加磁场有使汽泡脱离直径减小,生长速度加快和脱离频率增加的作用。     

流动沸腾汽泡脱离直径尺寸分布研究

沸腾是一个复杂的换热过程，大量实验表明，不同核化点的脱离直径存在区别，即使在同一工况下，同一核化点产生的汽泡脱离直径也会大小不一，因此汽泡尺寸分布不可忽略。尽管目前已有较多用于汽泡平均尺寸的计算关系式，但对于尺寸分布的研究仍较少。因此，本文针对流动沸腾下汽泡脱离直径的尺寸分布进行研究，对比常用的伽马函数和正态分布函数描述这一分布时的准确度，确定概率函数后，再对概率密度函数中两个重要的参数均值和标准差进行分析，最后得到一套预测不同工况下汽泡尺寸分布的关系式，该关系式准确度较高，并考虑了壁面过热度、质量流速等因素的影响。