带有横向微沟槽的矩形紧凑式通道换热器内超临界液化天然气工质换热强化特性模拟研究

提出了一种用于超临界液化天然气换热的微小通道换热器整体性能提高的被动式强化技术并进行了数值模拟验证和设计优化。在普通的矩形微小通道内利用3D激光打印技术在壁面加工横向圆弧形微沟槽以强化换热能力。首先对圆弧形微沟槽的槽深、槽宽和相邻两槽道中心距等几何尺寸进行了优化计算,然后讨论了在使用强化技术后工质温度在跨越临界温度的120K-250K范围内的换热强化和流动特性,进一步考察了工质温度、质量流量（雷诺数）和进口压力对换热系数（努塞尔数）、摩擦因子和综合效益系数的影响。此外,通过微沟槽附近的局部流动特性分析强化换热机理,数值模拟结果表明带有横向微沟槽的紧凑式换热器的综合换热效益得到30%左右增加,显示了优异的换热强化综合效果     

疏水表面改性对微通道换热和压降性能的影响

微通道强化换热技术是高热流密度散热的有效途径。文中通过对微通道表面进行疏水改性,使其平均传热速率相比普通表面微通道提高11. 8%,并实验研究了其压降和传热速率随干度的变化规律。实验结果对疏水改性手段在微通道换热技术中的应用具有参考价值。     

流向微槽对涡轮叶片冷却通道内流动及换热特性的影响分析

在综合流向微槽表面流动及传热特性的基础上，结合涡轮叶冷却通道内的流动和换热特性，提出了将流向微槽表面应用于涡轮叶片的冷却通道，分析研究流向微槽的影响，以期为涡轮叶片的冷却寻找更有效的技术。     

换热技术从大型化向微小化的发展

在分析传统换热器结构特点的基础上,具体分析了目前常用紧凑式换热器的结构、性能及应用情况,阐述了微型化学（化工）机械系统的发展及应用情况。以氨冷器为例,分别进行了板翅式换热器和另一种高效的小型换热装置——热管换热器的设计,表明板翅式换热器具有更加高效的换热效率和紧凑的结构,由此综合说明了换热技术从大型化向紧凑化、微小化发展的必然趋势。进一步以典型的微型化换热器装置——微通道换热器、微通道蒸发器和微通道加热器为例,具体分析了微型换热技术广阔的应用前号。     

带射流斜肋微通道的强化散热研究

在高热流密度(300 W/cm~2)条件下,对射流斜肋微通道的流动换热特性进行了数值研究,并与直通道、斜肋直通道和射流微通道进行了对比。结果表明:斜肋后方尾涡受射流抑制减小,受上游流体冲刷裹挟,下游射流发生明显漂移;斜肋有效拓展了通道换热面积,增强了流体扰动,射流使低温冷却水直接冲击通道底面换热,斜肋和射流两种强化换热方式的综合,不仅大幅降低了通道壁面温度,而且极大提高了壁温分布的均匀性,在增强通道换热的同时也没有带来过大阻力增加,和斜肋直通道和射流微通道相比,射流斜肋微通道的换热系数平均增加了21%和33%,综合换热性能和前两者相当。     

微尺度通道内流动沸腾研究综述

阐述了微尺度通道内传热问题出现的工程背景——高密度微电子器件的冷却。对当前国内外微尺度通道内流动沸腾换热特性的研究现状进行了归纳。突出分析了工质种类、微尺度通道的几何参数和工质的工况参数等对微尺度通道内流动沸腾换热特性的影响。同时分析了微尺度通道内流动沸腾换热的强化机理、流动阻力特性、压降关联式和沸腾换热关联式的理论和实验研究。最后根据分析对今后的工作提出了一些建议。     

多孔微通道流动沸腾换热特性的实验研究

本文通过实验的方法对烧结的多孔微通道和铜基微通道的沸腾换热性能和流动不稳定进行研究.实验工质选用去离子水,采用的铜粉粒径分别为30μm、50μm、90 μm,烧结底厚为200 μm和400 μm.采取控制变量的方式,研究改变入口温度、铜粉粒径大小、入口流量对多孔微通道和铜基微通道换热性能的影响.研究表明:多孔微通道最优的厚度粒径比在2～5之间,在此区间的多孔微通道可以提高沸腾传热的性能.其中厚度粒径比为2和4的多孔微通道的最大换热系数是铜基微通道的换热系数的5倍.多孔微通道相对于铜基微通道有更好的换热能力,有着较低的壁面温度.     

微通道内流动沸腾特性研究

对国内外微通道流动和换热的研究实验作了总结,阐述了影响微通道换热系数的因素,如热流密度、过热度和干度等.对去离子水在内径为0.65 mm、长为102 mm的圆形管道内流动沸腾换热进行了实验研究,得到了局部换热系数随干度的变化关系,进而根据换热系数的变化趋势讨论了饱和流动沸腾区微通道内主导的换热机制.结果表明:从换热系数随干度的变化关系很难判定主导的换热机制;将实验数据与已发表的预测关联式进行了比较,发现大多关联式都失效,说明基于常规理论的模型不再适用于微通道.     

圆弧形三角翼翅片管换热器流动与传热特性的数值模拟

采用三维数值模拟方法对加装圆弧形三角翼和直三角翼涡流发生器的翅片管换热器的流动与传热耦合特性进行了研究.结果表明:Re在500～5 000时,圆弧形三角翼和直三角翼均可以提高换热器的传热能力,圆弧形三角翼强化传热的效果略低于直三角翼,但其流动阻力明显小于直三角翼;换热管顺排布置时,圆弧形三角翼换热器的综合性能比直三角翼提高了7.3%～11.5%;换热管叉排布置时,圆弧形三角翼换热器的综合性能比直三角翼提高了8.2%～9.5%;涡流发生器可以使流体产生垂直于翅片方向的速度分量,改善流场中速度场和温度场的协同性,从而增强传热能力.     

非圆形微通道热沉的流动换热特性数值模拟

建立了非圆形硅微通道内单相流动和换热过程的三维模型,并分别对三角形、矩形和梯形微通道中流动换热进行了数值模拟.研究发现,截面平均努塞尔数在通道入口处数值最大,然后沿流体流动方向急剧减小,直至流动充分发展时趋于恒定.固体和流体温度沿流动方向近似线性升高.换热面壁温仅沿流动方向升高,在垂直于流动方向,温度则基本保持均衡;雷诺数对微通道的流动与换热特性存在着较大的影响,雷诺数越大,其对应的努塞尔数也越大.对3种微通道的热经济性分析比较发现,三角形通道的热有效性最高.     

Heat transfer and friction characteristics of rectangular solar air heater duct using rib-grooved artificial roughness

Experimental investigation on the heat transfer and friction characteristics of rib-grooved artificial roughness on one broad heated wall of a large aspect ratio duct shows that Nusselt number can be further enhanced beyond that of ribbed duct while keeping the friction factor enhancement low. The experimental investigation encompassed the Reynolds number range from 3000 to 21,000; relative roughness height 0.0181–0.0363; relative roughness pitch 4.5–10.0, and groove position to pitch ratio 0.3–0.7. The effect of important parameters on the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor has been discussed and the results are compared with the results of ribbed and smooth duct under similar flow conditions. The present investigation clearly demonstrates that the heat transfer coefficient for rib-grooved arrangement is higher than that for the transverse ribs, whereas the friction factor is slightly higher for rib-grooved arrangement as compared to that of rectangular transverse ribs of similar rib height and rib spacing. The conditions for best performance have been determined. Correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor have been developed that predict the values within reasonable limits.     

Evaporative Heat Transfer of CO2 in a Smooth and a Micro-Grooved Miniature Channel Tube

Grooved surfaces are widely used to enhance heat transfer. In this study, micro-grooves are applied to miniature channels to improve the evaporative heat transfer of CO₂. To evaluate the effect of micro-grooves in miniature channels, heat transfer characteristics are investigated for the smooth multichannel tube with 0.8 mm channel diameter and the grooved multi-channel tube with the same diameter and 8 micro-grooves. The tests were carried out at the evaporation temperatures of 0, 5 and 10°C; mass flux between 400 and 800 kg/m²s; and heat flux of 12–18 kW/m². At lower qualities (less than about 0.3), heat transfer was considerably enhanced by the grooves, however, the micro-grooves showed negative effect in heat transfer at higher qualities. A significant heat transfer enhancement was obtained at high evaporating temperature. Also, heat transfer was enhanced at lower heat and mass flux. The evaporative heat transfer coefficients measured were compared with several correlations. A new correlation was developed to predict the dry-out quality in miniature channel tubes more accurately.     

Heat transfer and pressure drop in corrugated channels

The convective heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of flow in corrugated channels have been experimentally investigated. Experiments were performed on channels of uniform wall temperature and of fixed corrugation ratio over a range of Reynolds number, 3220 ≤ Re ≤ 9420. The effects of channel spacing and phase shift variations on heat transfer and pressure drop are discussed. Results of corrugated channels flow showed a significant heat transfer enhancement accompanied by increased pressure drop penalty. The average heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop enhanced by a factor of 2.6 up to 3.2 and 1.9 to 2.6 relative to those for parallel plate channel, respectively, depending upon the spacing and phase shift. The friction factor increased with increasing channel spacing and its phase shift. The effect of spacing variations on heat transfer and friction factor was more pronounced than that of phase shift variation, especially at high Reynolds number. Comparing results of the tested channels by considering the flow area goodness factor (j/f), it was better for corrugated channel with spacing ratio, ? ≤ 3.0 and of phase shift, Ø ≤ 90°. Comparisons of the present data with those available in literature are presented and discussed.     

带短肋翅片管的强化传热机理研究

同时对普通翅片管和带有两个短肋的翅片管在均匀流场中、不同雷诺数下进行了流场和传热的数值模拟,分析了带有短肋的翅片管强化传热的机理。结果表明,由于翅片上带有的短肋和短肋后面的开孔,减少了翅片管管后流动的死滞区,提高了局部地区流体的流速,增加了扰动,从而起到了强化传热的作用。取入口雷诺数为20000时,加装短肋后可使总传热量增加5.1%,平均表面传热系数增加23.56%。随着雷诺数的增加,总换热量增加,强化传热效果也增强。     

Numerical investigation of developing convective heat transfer in a rotating helical pipe

Numerical simulation is carried out for heat transfer characteristics of flow in rotating helical pipes. A good agreement has been achieved compared with experimental data from literature. The impacts of both co-rotation and counter rotation on local heat transfer enhancement are discussed in detail. Different developing modes of heat transfer enhancement in laminar and transitional regions are observed. Streamwise variation of circumferential distribution of heat transfer enhancement by rotation exhibits sensitivity to rotation speed, rotation direction and curvature ratio. Within the range of De and Ro under discussion, the impact of streamwise inertial force is the major factor of heat transfer enhancement for co-rotational cases while the effect of reversed flow and accompanied Dean vortex for counter rotational cases cannot be neglected.     

Numerical investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop in enhanced tubes

This study investigates passive heat transfer enhancement techniques to determine the distribution of temperature and static pressure in test tubes, the friction factor, the heat flux, the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures, the pressure drop penalty and the numerical convective heat transfer coefficient, and then compares the results to the experimental data of Zdaniuk et al. It predicts the single-phase friction factors for the smooth and enhanced tubes by means of the empirical correlations of Blasius and Zdaniuk et al. This study performed calculations on a smooth tube and two helically finned tubes with different geometric parameters also used in the analyses of Zdaniuk et al. It also performed calculations on two corrugated tubes in the simulation study. In Zdaniuk et al.'s experimental setup, the horizontal test section was a 2.74 m long countercurrent flow double tube heat exchanger with the fluid of water flowing in the inner copper tube (15.57–15.64 mm i.d.) and cooling water flowing in the annulus (31.75 mm i.d.). Their test runs were performed at a temperature around 20 °C for cold water flowing in the annulus while Reynolds numbers ranged from 12,000 to 57,000 for the water flowing in the inner tube. A single-phase numerical model having three-dimensional equations is employed with either constant or temperature dependent properties to study the hydrodynamics and thermal behaviors of the flow. The temperature contours are presented for inlet, outlet and fully developed regions of the tube. The variations of the fluid temperature and static pressure along tube length are shown in the paper. The results obtained from a numerical analysis for the helically tubes were validated by various friction factor correlations, such as those found by Blasius and Zdaniuk et al. Then, numerical results were obtained for the two corrugated tubes as a simulation study. The present study found that the average deviation is less than 5% for the friction factors obtained by the Fluent CFD program while Blasius's correlation has the average deviation of less than 10%. The corrugated tubes have a higher heat transfer coefficient than smooth tubes but a lower coefficient than helically finned tubes. The paper also investigates the pressure drop penalty for the heat transfer enhancement.     

Laminar Forced Flow and Heat Transfer in Cross-Corrugated Triangular Ducts

The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in a cross-corrugated triangular channel are studied under laminar forced flow and uniform wall temperature conditions. Both the local and the periodic mean values of friction factor and wall Nusselt numbers in the hydro and thermally developing entrance region are investigated. It is found that at higher Reynolds numbers, recirculations in the lower wall valleys are a dominant factor for flow and heat transfer, while at lower Reynolds numbers, parallel flows in the upper wall corrugation are the predominant factor. Compared with a parallel flat plates duct, the Nusselt numbers in a cross-corrugated triangular duct can be enhanced, and can be even higher at higher Reynolds numbers. The growth of steady recirculations and the concomitant periodic disruption and thinning of the boundary layer promote enhanced transport of heat as well as momentum. Effects of heat transfer enhancement are more obvious under higher Reynolds numbers. Two correlations are proposed to predict the periodic mean values of Nusselt numbers and friction factors for Reynolds numbers from 10 to 2000.     

Numerical and Experimental Modelling of Gas Flow and Heat Transfer in the Air Gap of an Electric Machine. Part Ⅱ： Grooved Surfaces

The study deals with the cooling of a high-speed electric machine through an air gap with numerical and experimental methods. The rotation speed of the test machine is between 5000-40000 r/min and the machine is cooled by a forced gas flow through the air gap. In the previous part of the research the friction coefficient was measured for smooth and grooved stator cases with a smooth rotor. The heat transfer coefficient was recently calculated by a numerical method and measured for a smooth stator-rotor combination. In this report the cases with axial groove slots at the stator and/or rotor surfaces are studied. Numerical flow simulations and measurements have been done for the test machine dimensions at a large velocity range. At constant mass flow rate the heat transfer coefficients by the numerical method attain bigger values with groove slots on the stator or rotor surfaces. The results by the numerical method have been confirmed with measurements. The RdF-sensor was glued to the stator and rotor surfaces to measure the heat flux through the surface, as well as the temperature.     

凹槽式叶顶流动换热的数值研究

针对叶尖间隙高度对凹槽式叶顶流动与换热的影响展开数值研究,评估4种湍流模型在叶顶换热方面的预测能力.结果表明：凹槽肩壁顶部、凹槽腔底部近前缘区域和叶顶尾缘为高换热区,凹槽腔底的中部和尾部区域为低换热区;不同湍流模型对叶尖间隙泄漏量预测差别很小,但泄漏流流动状态差异很大,这是造成不同湍流模型对叶顶换热预测存在重大差别的原因;在研究的间隙范围内,叶尖间隙泄漏量和叶顶换热强度随间隙高度的增大而增加;在所选的4种湍流模型中,k-ω模型是叶顶换热数值模拟较好的湍流模型选择.