Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) stump biochar: Physical/chemical characteristics and dye affinity

Aiming investigated the pyrolysis of the agricultural waste known as cassava stump, the portion of the plant to which the tuberous roots and aerial parts of the plant are attached, this study had as objective to produce biochars from cassava stump by conducting vacuum pyrolysis at 400, 500, or 600?°C. The biochars were characterized by proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. Adsorption affinity tests were performed with four different dyes: methylene blue, basic fuchsin, acid fuchsin, and alizarin. Biochar obtained at 500?°C, heating rate of 20?°C.min^?1, and 90?min of residence at the final temperature, had 22% higher fixed carbon content as compared to the other biochars and 3.16 times greater fixed carbon content than the original cassava stump. This biochar showed the best adsorption capacity (0.0679?mmol/g) and percentage of removal (87.6%) of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The material characterization reveals that biochars from Manihot esculenta Crantz stump may have potential application in carbon sequestering. Besides that, these biochars could be applied with efficiency as adsorbent of dyes.     

生物质炭的制备及其在能源与环境领域中的应用

本文综述了热分解法、微波炭化法以及水热炭化法制备生物质炭材料的研究现状及其存在的问题;并概括了生物质炭在碳燃料电池、生物质炭燃料、污水处理和土壤处理等能源与环境领域应用的研究进展,最后展望了生物质炭的发展前景。     

Synthesis of ternary ceramics (Cr2AlC) by using biochars

In this paper, we report the synthesis of Cr₂AlC by using biochars derived from lignin, Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and hemp fibers. Initially, the powders were pyrolyzed at 1350°C for 4 h in Ar atmosphere to form biochars. The ball-milled and sieved biochar powders were then mixed with Cr and Al powders in different stoichiometric ratios according to the C-content of the biochars. The mixed powders were reacted at 1350°C for 4 h in Ar atmosphere. Detailed scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed the powders derived from hemp and DDGS biochars were > 90% pure as compared to powders derived from lignin biochar which was 76% pure. It is expected that ternary ceramics derived from biochars can be an addition avenue for carbon-storage.     

生物质炭的制备及其在能源与环境领域中的应用

本文综述了热分解法、微波炭化法以及水热炭化法制备生物质炭材料的研究现状及其存在的问题;并概括了生物质炭在碳燃料电池、生物质炭燃料、污水处理和土壤处理等能源与环境领域应用的研究进展,最后展望了生物质炭的发展前景。     

不同粒径污泥热解制备生物炭及其特性分析

以3种不同粒径污泥为原料,采用固定床反应器在500℃下制备生物炭。考察了3种不同粒径污泥的热解特性及其生物炭中重金属的分布特征,并运用TCLP对污泥及其生物炭的重金属浸出毒性进行了系统研究。结果表明,随着污泥粒径的增大,热解生成的生物炭和热解气产率均有所降低,而焦油产率则逐渐升高;在3种不同粒径污泥热解过程中,重金属除As外主要富集在固体产物生物炭中,相对富集系数均高于90%。随着污泥粒径的增大,污泥中Cu、Zn和Ni的含量增加,而Cr和Pb的含量则减少;虽然3种不同粒径污泥制备的生物炭中重金属的浸出规律不一致,但是污泥热解可以有效抑制重金属的浸出。生物炭中除As和Zn外其他重金属元素的浸出率均低于3.0%。     

9种树叶生物炭作为染料敏化太阳电池对电极的光电性能

将9种由树叶经单步热解获得的生物炭作为对电极催化材料引入染料敏化太阳电池（DSSC）,并在分析生物炭的组织结构和电化学性能的基础上,着重探讨了引起器件光电性能差异的内在原因。结果表明：9种树叶热解获得的生物炭组装的DSSC的转换效率在1.00%~1.85%之间,其中棕叶最佳,樟树叶和杨树叶其次,三者的转换效率均高于1.3%,随后依次为枫叶、红继木叶、椿树叶、杉树叶和松针,桂叶最低。生物炭的孔隙结构是引起相应器件光电性能各异的主要原因。由于棕叶生物炭具有独特的取向孔隙,能缩短电解质扩散距离以及提升催化活性,因此其器件的转换效率最佳。此外,9种生物炭器件的转换效率均高于石墨器件（0.77%）。更优的光电性能主要归功于生物炭具有的多级孔结构和玻璃态碳骨架。     

Removal of nitrate from constructed wetland in winter in high-latitude areas with modified hydrophyte biochars

In high-latitude areas, nitrate treatment from constructed wetlands is often not so good in winter. The study aims to develop an efficient and economic technology to remove nitrate from constructed wetland under the conditions of winter temperature. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution and wastewater by modified hydrophyte biochars from constructed wetlands. The second-order model fit the nitrate desorption kinetics of modified hydrophyte biochars with a high coefficient of determination (R²>0.99). Freundlich isotherms performed well to fit the nitrate sorption data (R²>0.98) of modified hydrophyte biochars. Batch adsorption experiments also showed that both initial solution pH and coexisting anions could affect the adsorption of nitrate onto modified hydrophyte biochars. Our results suggested that modified hydrophyte biochars might be a promising alternative wastewater treatment technology for nitrate removal from constructed wetland in winter in high-latitude areas.     

One-Step Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Porous Biochar Based on N-Doping Co-Activation Method and Its Application in Water Pollutants Control

In this work, birch bark (BB) was used for the first time to prepare porous biochars via different one-step methods including direct activation (BBB) and N-doping co-activation (N-BBB). The specific surface area and total pore volume of BBB and N-BBB were 2502.3 and 2292.7 m²/g, and 1.1389 and 1.0356 cm³/g, respectively. When removing synthetic methyl orange (MO) dye and heavy metal Cr⁶⁺, both BBB and N-BBB showed excellent treatment ability. The maximum adsorption capacities of BBB and N-BBB were 836.9 and 858.3 mg/g for MO, and 141.1 and 169.1 mg/g for Cr⁶⁺, respectively, which were higher than most previously reported biochar adsorbents. The probable adsorption mechanisms, including pore filling, π–π interaction, H-bond interaction, and electrostatic attraction, supported the biochars’ demonstrated high performance. In addition, after five recycles, the removal rates remained above 80%, which showed the high stability of the biochars. This work verified the feasibility of the one-step N-doping co-activation method to prepare high-performance biochars, and two kinds of biochars with excellent performance (BBB and N-BBB) were prepared. More importantly, this method provides new directions and ideas for the development and utilization of other biomasses.     

不同热解温度下禾本科植物生物炭理化特性分析

以禾本科植物王草、水稻秸秆、甘蔗渣和玉米秸秆为原料,在厌氧条件下于300、500和700℃制备王草炭(I)、水稻秸秆炭(R)、甘蔗渣炭(S)和玉米秸秆炭(M),研究了不同热解温度对生物炭结构及组成的影响.研究结果表明:随着热解温度升高,4种生物炭产率下降,300℃时I、R、S和M的产率分别为45.81％、48.67％、...     

生物炭对重金属(Zn)的吸附特性及动力学

在300～700℃下制备了水葫芦炭和玉米秸秆炭,研究了生物质种类、热解温度、溶液初始pH和Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度对两种生物炭吸附溶液中Zn(Ⅱ)的影响,并结合吸附过程曲线拟合获得了吸附动力学模型。结果表明：随着热解温度的升高,生物炭理化特性发生显著变化,生物炭的挥发分、氧含量、氢含量以及O/C和H/C显著降低,而固定碳、灰分和热值显著升高,生物炭的比表面积、总孔容、微孔容、pH以及KCl等盐类物质均得到了显著增加。随着溶液初始pH增加,生物炭对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附能力呈现先快速增加然后逐步趋于稳定或稍有下降的趋势,不同生物炭的最大平衡吸附量出现在pH=4~6之间。Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度<30mg/L时,生物炭对Zn(Ⅱ)平衡吸附量随溶液Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度的增加呈线性快速增长,而当Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度>30mg/L,其平衡吸附量增长趋势变缓。在相同Zn(Ⅱ)初始浓度下,随着热解温度的提高,生物炭对溶液中Zn(Ⅱ)平衡吸附量逐渐提高,且在同一热解温度下制备的水葫芦炭对Zn(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量显著高于玉米秸秆炭。两种生物炭对溶液Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,其吸附过程均受化学吸附控制,水葫芦炭和玉米秸秆炭对Zn(Ⅱ)吸附机制主要包括含氧官能团的络合作用和无机盐离子的沉淀作用。     

A combined effect of adsorption and reduction potential of biochar derived from Mentha plant waste on removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

Plant biochars were prepared by slow pyrolysis of Mentha plant waste to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The biochars were characterized by X-Ray diffraction, IR-spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, cyclic voltammetry (CV), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and zeta potential analyzer. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics applied on the MB dye removal by biochars showed monolayer chemisorption of MB dye. Present investigation revealed that removal of MB dye was due to synergistic action of chemisorption coupled with reductive electron transfer mechanisms. CV test showed a reversible, coupled redox reaction at interface of MB dye and biochar particles.     

Amination of biochar surface from watermelon peel for toxic chromium removal enhancement

Watermelon peel residues were used to produce a new biochar by dehydration method. The new biochar has undergone two methods of chemical modification and the effect of this chemical modification on its ability to adsorb Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution has been investigated. Three biochars, Melon-B, Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA, were made from watermelon peel via dehydration with 50% sulfuric acid to give Melon-B followed by oxidation with ozone and amination using ammonium hydroxide to give Melon-BO-NH_2 or Triethylenetetramine(TETA) to give Melon-BO-TETA. The prepared biochars were characterized by BET, BJH,SEM, FT-IR, TGA, DSC and EDAX analyses. The highest removal percentage of Cr(VI) ions was 69% for Melon-B,98% for Melon-BO-NH_2 and 99% for Melon-BO-TETA biochars of 100 mg·L~(-1) Cr(VI) ions initial concentration and 1.0 g·L~(-1) adsorbents dose. The unmodified biochar(Melon-B) and modified biochars(Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA) had maximum adsorption capacities(Qm) of 72.46, 123.46, and 333.33 mg·g~(-1), respectively.The amination of biochar reduced the pore size of modified biochar, whereas the surface area was enhanced.The obtained data of isotherm models were tested using different error function equations. The Freundlich,Tempkin and Langmuir isotherm models were best fitted to the experimental data of Melon-B, Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA, respectively. The adsorption rate was primarily controlled by pseudo-second–order rate model. Conclusively, the functional groups interactions are important for adsorption mechanisms and expected to control the adsorption process. The adsorption for the Melon-B, Melon-BO-NH_2 and Melon-BO-TETA could be explained for acid–base interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction.     

小麦秸秆生物炭吸附诺氟沙星特性

采用孔径与比表面积分析仪、SEM、FTIR及Boehm滴定对小麦秸秆生物炭(XM300、XM450、XM600)进行表征,考察了生物炭对诺氟沙星(NOR)的吸附机制。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭比表面积与孔容积增大,孔径变小,表面羧基、内酯基与酚羟基等酸性官能团数量减少。伪二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温模型更适合描述3种生物炭对NOR的吸附,颗粒内扩散方程拟合发现生物炭对NOR的吸附包括快速外扩散与缓慢内扩散;XM300对NOR的吸附容量最大(40.30 mg/g),得益于低热解温度生物炭中存在大量非碳化有机质的分配作用。     

Influence of Microbial Treatment on the Preparation of Porous Biochar with Stepped-Up Performance and Its Application in Organic Pollutants Control

In this study, Irisensata Thunb grass (ITG) was used as a biomass carbon resource to prepare biochars for the first time. After microbial treatment, the obtained microbial-treated ITG (MITG) was activated by using a mixed base as an activator for preparation of biochar (MITGB). The specific surface area and total pore volume of MITGB were 3036.4 m²/g and 1.5252 cm³/g, which were higher than those of biochar prepared without microbial treatment (ITGB, 2930.0 m²/g and 1.5062 cm³/g). Besides, the physicochemical properties of MITGB and ITGB were also quite different including micro morphology, surface chemistry, functional groups, etc. In the experiment of removing organic pollutants with synthetic dye RhB and antibiotic TH as the models, MITGB showed excellent treatment ability. The maximum adsorption capacities of MITGB for RhB and TH were 1354.2 and 1462.6 mg/g, which were higher than most of the biochars. In addition, after five cycles of recycling, the adsorption capacities of the organic pollutant models can still be maintained at more than 80%, which showed high stability. This work verified the feasibility of microbial treatment to further improve the performance of biochar and provided a new idea and direction for exploring other biochars.     

Glycopolymer N-halamine-modified biochars with high specificity for Escherichia coli eradication

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria contamination in environments imposes great threats to human life health.This research aims to develop novel targeted antibacterial biochars for achieving high selectivity to kill pathogenic Escherichia coli (E.coli).The glycopolymer N-halamine-modified biochars (i.e.,BCPMA-Cl)were synthesized by the modification of biochars with poly[2-(methacrylamido) glucopyranose-co-acrylamide](P(MAG-co-AM),followed by chlorination treatment.Based on the results of FTIR,turbidity,XPS,and UV-vis,BCPMA-Cl was successfully synthesized and demonstrated to be able to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and E.coli.Especially,BCPMA-Cl possessed extremely potent to specific-killing 104 CFU·ml-1 of E.coli with lower hemolytic activity (＜5％).Additionally,the antibacterial mechanisms of BCPMA-Cl against bacteria were contact-killing and release-killing contributed by active chlorine (i.e.,Cl+).Therefore,this work provided a cost-effective and facile approach for preparation of functional biochars used for bacteria-specific therapeutic applications via livestock pollutants as well as showing a promising strategy to avoid bacterial resistance.     

富Ca香菇菌渣基生物炭对含磷废水处理性能的研究

为了寻求食用菌菌渣合理的资源化利用途径和开发绿色、高效的除磷吸附剂，以香菇菌渣(mushroom residue， MR)为原料，将其在800、900和1000℃下碳化制备生物炭后用于含磷废水的处理(MR-800C、MR-900C和MR-1000C)。理化特性分析显示，该生物炭富含K、Na、Ca和Mg等矿物质，尤其是Ca，其含量高达4328.43~4919.38 mmol/kg。Ca在生物炭中主要以CaCO₃的形式存在，随着热解温度升高，部分被分解为CaO。另外，生物炭还具有较高的pH_pzc（11.86~12.04）、发达的孔隙结构(比表面积为167.56~223.80 m²/g)和丰富的表面官能团(如C\stackrel{}{̿}O、C\stackrel{}{̿}C、C—O、Ca—O等)。在磷的吸附过程中，生物炭对磷的吸附量服从MR-800C< MR-900C< MR-1000C，且均可被Langmuir吸附等温线模型和准二级动力学模型很好拟合，即该吸附过程为化学作用主导的单层吸附。MR-800C、MR-900C和MR-1000C对磷的理论最大吸附量分别为104.17、121.95和128.21 mg/g。静电作用、孔填塞、配位作用及CaO所引起的沉淀作用［形成CaHPO₄和Ca₅(PO₄)₃（OH）］在该过程中起着重要作用。结果表明，食用菌菌渣可被开发作为低廉、高效的除磷吸附材料。     

不同秸秆生物炭的孔隙结构及其差异

基于低温氮气吸附的研究方法,对水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆制备的生物炭进行了孔结构研究,用BET方程、BJH方程和t-plot方法分别计算得到生物炭的比表面积、孔径分布和微孔数据,利用FHH模型计算了孔隙分形维数。研究表明：不同温度不同材料都对生物炭的孔结构有较大影响,随着热解温度的升高水稻秸秆生物炭和小麦秸秆生物炭的BET比表面积和总孔容呈先增加后降低的趋势,而玉米秸秆生物炭的孔隙度随着热解温度升高持续增加;3种秸秆生物炭的孔径分布均以中孔为主,孔隙内部以Ⅱ型孔为主;水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆制备的生物炭都具有很好的分形特征,分形维数(D)分别为2.545 4~2.669 3、2.629 7~2.689 5、2.577 3~2.597 2,表明这3种生物炭孔隙结构比较复杂,非均质性强,其中水稻秸秆生物炭和小麦秸秆生物炭均在500 ℃条件下有较高的分形维数,分别是2.669 3和2.597 2,玉米秸秆生物炭则在700 ℃条件下有较高的分形维数,为2.689 5。     

High-efficiency remediation of cadmium (Cd2+) from aqueous solution using poultry manure– and farmyard manure–derived biochars

Farmyard manure (FYM-BC) and poultry manure (PM-BC) derived biochars were applied as adsorbents to remove Cd²⁺ from water. Results indicated that PM-BC was a more efficient adsorbent than FYM-BC at all experimental conditions. Maximum Cd²⁺ adsorption was observed at pH 4, temperature 318 K and contact time 1 h, regardless of biochar type. The Langmuir model predicted maximum adsorption capacity of 90.09 mg g^?1 for PM-BC. The data fitting to pseudo-second-order model proposed chemisorption of Cd²⁺ onto biochars. Thermodynamics indicated that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Post-adsorption analysis provided evidences of strong chemical interactions between biochars’ functional groups and Cd²⁺ ions.     

污泥与生物质共热解制备生物质炭工艺优化及吸附性能

通过污泥与秸秆（玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、芝麻秸秆）慢速共热解的方法,在不同热解温度（300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃）、热解时间（0.5h、1h、1.5h、2h）及配比（污泥与生物质1∶0、1∶0.5、1∶1、1∶2）条件下制备4种生物质炭,即SCBC（污泥-玉米秸秆生物质炭）、SRBC（污泥-水稻秸秆生物质炭）、SWBC（污泥-小麦生物质炭）、SSBC（污泥-芝麻生物质炭）,研究了不同热解条件对生物质炭产率、pH、元素组成、表面特征、吸附性能的影响,并根据吸附性能筛选出各生物质炭的最优制备工艺。结果表明,热解温度为500℃、热解时间为2h、污泥与玉米秸秆、芝麻秸秆配比为1∶1时,污泥与水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆配比为1∶2时,制备的生物质炭吸附性能最优。最优制备工艺条件下,4种生物质炭吸附性能相比：SWBC > SRBC > SCBC > SSBC。     

Research progress on preparation of biomass-derived porous carbon and its adsorption of pharmaceuticals in wastewater

The rapid development of urban modernization and industrialization has caused increasingly serious pollution to the environment, especially water contamination. In recent years, the content of pharmaceuticals in industrial wastewater has increased year by year, and the pollution should not be ignored any more. Therefore, the development of new porous materials for the adsorption and separation of pharmaceutical molecules in wastewater has become a current research hotspot. This article summarizes the recent research on the adsorption and separation of pollutants in wastewater by biomass-derived porous carbons (biochars). First, it briefly introduces the treatment methods of pollutants in wastewater, and mainly focuses on the preparation and modification of biochars. Combined with the surface chemical properties and pore structure of the carbon materials, this paper summarizes and prospects the adsorption properties of biochar to pharmaceuticals.