增强IVR有效性的堆内注水策略研究

熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）是一项核电厂重要的严重事故管理措施,通过将熔融物滞留在压力容器内,以保证压力容器完整性,并防止某些可能危及安全壳完整性的堆外现象。对于高功率和熔池中金属量相对不足的反应堆,若下封头形成3层熔池结构,则其顶部薄金属层导致的聚焦效应可能对压力容器完整性带来更大的威胁。本文考虑通过破口倒灌及其他工程措施实现严重事故下熔池顶部水冷却,建立熔池传热模型,分析顶部注水的带热能力,建立事件树,分析顶部注水措施的成功概率及IVR的有效性。结果表明,通过压力容器内外同时水冷熔融物,能显著增强IVR措施的有效性。     

ASTEC程序中反应堆熔池结构对压力容器下封头换热计算的影响

反应堆严重事故工况下堆内环境复杂,针对下腔室内熔融物行为的试验非常有限,因此通常采用假设的熔池结构模型进行事故评价。本文使用ASTEC程序中的3种熔池结构模型,评价典型严重事故工况下不同熔池结构对下封头内壁换热及压力容器完整性的影响。计算结果表明:在外壁绝热且下封头失效仅使用温度限值的条件下,两层熔池结构导致下封头失效时间最短,且由于顶部金属层集热效应,失效位置位于熔池上部;三层熔池结构由于底层金属层的出现,使下封头下部温度持续升高而发生失效,但其失效时间长于两层熔池结构的情况。     

IVR熔池分层模型对压力容器安全裕量分析的影响

严重事故缓解策略熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）有效性评价方法中，关于压力容器下封头内的熔池结构是最具争议的问题。本工作对目前国际上采用的稳定熔池2层和3层结构，以及在熔池形成过程中可能形成的4层结构进行了比较研究，建立了这3种结构下的熔池分层传热模型，并分析了3种结构在不同反应堆功率水平下对压力容器有效性的影响。结果表明，压力容器安全裕量随反应堆功率的升高而减小，在4层熔池结构下发生压力容器熔穿失效的可能性最大。     

三层熔融池结构情况下反应堆压力容器外水冷有效性分析

通过反应堆压力容器外水冷(ERVC)实现熔融物压力容器内滞留(IVR)是300 MW压水堆核电厂重要的严重事故管理特征。在过去IVR分析中通常对反应堆压力容器(RPV)下封头内两层熔融池结构进行分析,然而核电厂还可能出现一种底部为重金属层的3层熔融池结构,它可能对RPV完整性带来更大的威胁。本文根据建立的模型假设300 MW压水堆核电厂出现的该熔融池结构,并进行分析。结果表明,形成的底部重金属层不会威胁RPV完整性,但厚度变薄的顶部金属层失效裕度较小,可能威胁RPV完整性。     

三维MORN试验能量分配比和安全裕量研究

MORN试验对三维氧化物层的熔池传热进行了试验研究,试验工质为水和硝酸盐。结果表明,不同下冷却边界会影响熔池温度和能量分配比。水冷条件下,熔池壁面热流密度分布差异很大,最大值为最小值的6.5～7.9倍。当熔池上下冷却边界相同时,向上/向下的能量分配比近似为100%。能量分配比不仅取决于上下冷却边界的种类,可能还取决于上下冷却边界是否进行了充分冷却,即能量分配比并不一定总为100%。将MORN-Nitrate的壁面热流密度分布经验关系式运用到AP1000压力容器下封头壁面热流密度计算中,结果表明,AP1000在出现堆芯融毁事故时,下封头不会失效,IVR有效。     

RPV下封头熔融池换热特性数值模拟研究

熔融物堆内滞留（In-vessel Retention,IVR）指的是在核电厂严重事故发生后,通过在压力容器和保温层间隙注入冷却水防止压力容器熔穿失效。本文基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立了一个流-热-固耦合计算模型,对IVR技术作用下的反应堆压力容器（Reactor Pressure Vessel,RPV）下封头双层熔融池的演变过程进行了仿真研究。当前模型计算结果表明：在稳态分层的状态下,与氧化物层接触的下封头未发生明显的熔化,与金属层接触的下封头会发生明显的熔化,但在被冷却条件下依然可以保持压力容器的完整性。     

堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面烧蚀过程的数值模拟

研究堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面的动态烧蚀,对于反应堆冷却剂严重丧失事故(Loss of coolant accident,LOCA)后果的预测以及缓解方案的设计具有重要意义。本文以AP600为研究对象,在假设冷却剂全部丧失事故工况下,采用堆芯熔融物两层结构模型,计算熔池对壁面的加热;建立压力容器壁面的非稳态二维传热模型,并考虑安全壳水池对压力容器外侧的冷却,采用移动边界模型模拟烧蚀引起壁面局部厚度变薄;计算了堆芯熔融物坍塌后15 000 s范围内,压力容器下封头壁面温度和厚度的变化。     

椭球形与球形下封头压力容器内熔融物滞留传热特性分析

严重事故下堆芯熔融物再分布于压力容器下封头,在衰变热作用下高温堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面施加较大的热负荷,可能导致压力容器失效。针对压力容器内熔融物滞留下的传热过程,基于Fortran90语言开发了椭球形下封头压力容器内熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）分析程序IVRASA-ELLIP,计算具有椭球形下封头的压力容器在严重事故下稳态熔池的传热过程及IVR特性。利用IVRASA-ELLIP程序计算了VVER-1000压力容器内熔池的传热,分析具有椭球形下封头的压力容器各处的壁面热流密度、氧化物硬壳厚度和压力容器壁厚,并与运用IVRASA程序计算的AP1000稳态熔池传热结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在相同初始参数下椭球形下封头内的壁面热流密度较球形下封头内的小,与热流密度的变化趋势相对应,椭球形下封头内压力容器壁的消融量较球形下封头内的小,椭球形下封头内形成的氧化物硬壳厚度较球形下封头内的厚。     

先进压水堆熔融物堆内滞留参数不确定分析研究

压水堆核电厂在严重事故下将发生堆芯熔化事故而形成熔融池。形成熔融池的过程具有很大的不确定性,这影响到反应堆压力容器熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）策略的有效性。本工作以AP1000核电厂两层IVR模型为研究对象,对成功实施反应堆压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）的假想严重事故进行了熔融池参数不确定性分析,包括参数的敏感性分析和使用拉丁超立方抽样的概率分析。结果表明：衰变功率对IVR评价参数影响最大,应采取措施（如上堆腔注水）尽量延缓堆芯熔化的时间;熔融物中不锈钢的质量将对金属层参数造成较大影响,可考虑在压力容器内布置牺牲性材料来减小金属层的集热效应;氧化物层外压力容器失效的概率仅为1.2%,但金属层外压力容器失效的概率高达20%。本结果对今后IVR策略研究和设计具有一定的指导意义,同时也为压水堆核电厂安全评审提供理论支持。     

大型先进压水堆熔融物堆内滞留初步研究

参考国外熔融物堆内滞留(IVR)稳态包络工况计算编写相关程序,并与ERI、DOE及INEEL的结果进行比较,对程序进行验证。通过对大型先进压水堆熔池参数和不确定性分析可知,如果使用ULPU-2000台架Ⅳ的流道设计,压水堆发生超CHF事故的可能性小于7%,但压力容器壁厚最大熔化量超过15 cm的可能性很大,如果没有其他缓解措施,建议将大型先进压水堆压力容器厚度增加至20 cm以上。热流分配是影响熔池行为的主要因素,建议采取措施调整熔融池热流分配,以缓解氧化物层和金属层交界面处的传热危机。     

Consequences of material effects on in-vessel retention

In-vessel retention (IVR) consists in cooling the corium contained in the reactor vessel by natural convection and reactor cavity flooding. This strategy of severe accident management enables the corium to be kept inside the second confinement barrier: the reactor vessel. The general approach which is used to study IVR problems is a “bounding” approach which consists in assuming a specified corium stratification in the vessel and then demonstrating that the vessel can cope with the resulting thermal and mechanical loads. Thermal loading on the vessel is controlled by the convective heat transfer inside the molten corium in the lower head. If there is no water in the vessel and if the corium pool is overlaid by a liquid steel layer, then the heat flux might focus on the vessel in front of the steel layer (“focusing effect”) and exceed the dry-out heat flux (CHF or DHF). One of the critical points of these studies is linked to the determination of the height of the molten steel layer that can stratify above the oxidic pool. The MASCA experiments have highlighted that part of molten steel may stratify under the oxidic corium which reduces the thickness of the steel layer on top of the pool. This behavior can be explained by chemical interaction between the oxide and metallic phases of the pool which confirms that these materials cannot be treated as inert species. Following these conclusions, a methodology which couples physicochemical effects and thermalhydraulics has been developed to address the IVR issue. The main purpose of this paper is to present this methodology and its application for given corium mass inventories. Attention focuses on the influence of parameters such as the ratio U/Zr and oxidation ratio of zirconia. For a 1000 MW PWR, approximately 10 t of steel stratify at the bottom of the vessel for 40% Zr oxidation, and 25 t for 30% Zr oxidation. This leads to a 25–50% increase of the mass of molten steel that is required for avoiding vessel melt-through.     

高温熔融物与金属堆腔相互作用实验研究

为掌握船用反应堆严重事故工况下压力容器失效初期堆芯熔融物热冲击对金属堆腔的破坏效应,开展了堆芯熔融物与金属堆腔相互作用机理实验。根据相似准则设计缩比金属堆腔实验装置,利用已有高温熔融物实验平台制备2 700 ℃高温氧化锆熔融物,通过特制卸料机构将高温熔融物卸料到实验段,对热冲击下实验段温度和变形响应特性及主要影响因素进行了研究。实验结果表明,高温熔融物进入金属堆腔初期,热冲击导致的金属堆腔最高温度为601 ℃,最大塑性变形量为0.44 mm,高温熔融物未导致金属堆腔热失效及断裂失效,金属堆腔实验段能保持完整。由于船用反应堆金属堆腔材料、结构和外部冷却条件更有利于保持金属堆腔完整性,基于实验结果推断,严重事故下压力容器下封头失效初期热冲击导致金属堆腔失效的风险较低。     

Analysis of likelihood of lower head failure and ex-vessel fuel coolant interaction energetics for AP1000

A one-dimensional model is formulated to assess the thermal response of the Westinghouse Advanced Plant (AP1000) lower head based on two bounding melt configurations. Melt Configuration I involves a stratified light metallic layer on top of a molten ceramic pool, and melt Configuration II represents the conditions that an additional heavy metal layer forms below the ceramic pool. The approach consists of the specification of initial conditions; determination of the mode, the size and the location of lower head failure based on heat transfer analyses; computer simulation of the fuel coolant interaction processes; and finally, an examination of the impact of the uncertainties in the initial conditions and the model parameters on the fuel coolant interaction energetics through a series of sensitivity calculations. The results of the calculations for melt Configuration I show that the heat flux remains below critical heat flux (CHF) in the molten oxide pool, but the heat flux in the light metal layer could exceed CHF because of the focusing effect associated with presence of the thin metallic layers. The thin metallic layers are associated with smaller quantities of the molten oxide in the lower plenum following the initial relocation into the lower head. The calculations show that the lower head failure probability due to the focusing effect of the stratified metal layer ranges from 0.04 to 0.30. On the other hand, the thermal failure of the lower head at the bottom location for melt Configuration II is assessed to be highly unlikely. Based on the in-vessel retention analysis, the base case for the ex-vessel fuel coolant interaction (FCI) is assumed to involve a side failure of the vessel involving a metallic pour into the cavity water. The FCI sensitivity calculations intended to assess the implications of the uncertainties in initial conditions and the FCI modeling parameters show that the FCI loads range from a few MPa to upward of 1000 MPa (maximum pool pressure) with corresponding impulse loads ranging from a few kPa s to a few hundred kPa s.     

Modeling oxidic molten core-concrete interaction in WECHSL

The WECHSL code aims at modeling the physical and chemical phenomena governing the molten core-concrete interaction in a severe reactor accident, when the molten core has penetrated the pressure vessel. Attention has recently been drawn to the influence of the melt properties, among others of the viscosity of oxidic melts, on the heat transfer, and on the melt behavior during MCCI. In the first step, the viscosity model in WECHSL was changed in order to better fit the experimental viscosities. To take into account the variation of the viscosity with temperature, an iterative scheme has been introduced in WECHSL to determine the gradient from the pool bulk temperature to the interface temperature in the melt boundary layer. In addition, the influence of porosity of the melt on the thermal conductivity was modeled. Finally, a method was implemented to correct the heat transfer relations. In this paper the WECHSL code including the above modifications is applied to a PWR accident scenario.     

Analysis of safety margin of in-vessel retention for AP1000

In-vessel retention (IVR) of core melt is a key severe accident management strategy adopted by most operating nuclear power plants and advanced light water reactors (ALWRs), AP600, AP1000, etc. External reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) is a novel severe accident management for IVR analysis. In present study, IVR analysis code in severe accident (IVRASA) has been developed to evaluate the safety margin of IVR in AP1000 with anticipative depressurization and reactor cavity flooding in severe accident. For, IVRASA, the point estimate procedure has been developed for modeling the steady-state endpoint of two core melt configurations: Configuration I and Configuration II. The results of benchmark calculations of AP600 by IVRASA were consistent with those of the UCSB and INEEL. Then, IVRASA is used to calculate the heat transfer process caused by two core melt configurations of AP1000. The results of calculations of Configuration I indicate that the heat flux remains below the critical heat flux (CHF), however, the sensitivity calculations show that the heat flux in the metallic layer could exceed the CHF because of the focusing effect due to the thin metallic layer. On the other hand, the results of calculations of Configuration II suggest that the thermal failure of the lower head at the bottom location is highly unlikely, but the heat flux in light metallic layer could be higher than that of base case due to the portion of metal partitioning into the lower head. This work also investigated the effect of the uncertainties of the CHF correlations on the analysis of IVR.     

A natural convection model of molten pool penetration into a melting miscible substrate

The process of melting of a solid surface by an overlying hot liquid pool was studied analytically. The molten phase of the solid is lighter than and miscible with the pool material. A simple natural convection model of the pool heat transfer and substrate melting behavior was constructed. The model accounts for the effects of gas bubble formation from discrete sites at the surface of the melting substrate and therefore should be applicable to the penetration of high-temperature oxidic pools into concrete, a situation which has been hypothesized to occur during a severe accident in a nuclear reactor. Model predictions are compared with available quasi-steady pool penetration rate data obtained from simulant material experiments and from the valuable SURC experiments on oxidic pool penetration into concrete. The agreement between theory and experiment is reasonable and suggests that the melting of concrete by an overlying oxidic pool is driven by liquid phase turbulent natural convection as well as by concrete off-gassing (bubble formation).     

基于OpenFOAM的熔融池自然对流传热与凝固数值研究

熔融物堆内滞留是第3代核电技术重要的严重事故缓解措施之一,堆芯熔融池在压力容器下封头壁面的热流密度分布直接影响该策略的有效性。本文基于开源的数值计算流体力学软件平台OpenFOAM,应用相变模型和浮升力模型二次开发了用于模拟堆芯熔融物由内热源或温差驱动的自然对流传热与相变求解器。应用该求解器模拟了瑞典皇家理工学院开展的二维氧化池与金属层耦合传热试验,获得了氧化池和金属层硬壳的相场,以及熔融池内的温度分布及沿容器壁面的热流密度分布。计算结果表明,该模型可用于熔融物凝固与自然对流的模拟,为深入分析核电厂采用熔融物堆内滞留措施后熔融池的行为奠定了基础。