600MW压水堆安注箱设计研究

本文用美国核管会热工水力程序TRACE和图形化建模软件SNAP,建立了600 MW两环路压水堆一回路和二回路热工水力系统分析模型,并对安注箱的各设计方案进行大破口失水事故(LBLOCA)模拟计算,通过对比各设计方案在LBLOCA事故下计算出的峰值包壳温度,研究安注箱在大破口失水事故工况下的安注性能,最后给出了优化的设计方案,并提出了可行的设计改进建议。研究结果表明,上腔室和下降段同时注入的方式较冷段注入和下降段注入更有效,且恰当地选取初始安注箱压力,可有效降低峰值包壳温度,提高LOCA裕量。     

小型堆稳压器波动管双端破口试验研究

开展了模块化小堆稳压器波动管双端破口试验研究,获得了非能动安全系统的事故响应特性和一回路系统参数变化。试验研究结果表明,在稳压器波动管双端破口极端工况条件下,中压安注箱能在短时间内提供较大的稳定安注流量,及时补充系统水装量;高压安注系统运行过程比较复杂,安注流量与堆芯补水箱压力平衡管线内介质状态和中压安注系统运行状态密切相关,在1.7 h内呈间歇注入运行状态。在整个事故过程中,堆芯一直处于淹没状态,模块化小堆非能动安全系统能够确保稳压器波动管在双端破口极端工况条件下的堆芯安全。      

ACME台架PRHR管线破口位置敏感性试验研究

为研究先进非能动（AP）型核电厂在非能动系统失效条件下的安全性能,利用我国先进堆芯冷却机理整体试验台架（ACME）开展了非能动余热排出（PRHR）管线破口失水试验研究,分析了主要的试验进程和破口位置对事故过程各阶段关键参数的影响。结果表明,ACME PRHR管线破口试验进程与冷管段小破口失水事故（SBLOCA）进程基本一致,再现了非能动核电厂自然循环阶段、自动卸压系统（ADS）喷放阶段和安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）安注阶段的安全特性;在不同破口位置的试验中,非能动堆芯冷却系统（PXS）均可保证堆芯得到补水,堆芯活性区始终处于混合液位以下;破口位置对ACME LOCA事故进程、反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）初期降压速率、PRHR热交换器（HX）流量、喷放流量、堆芯液位、IRWST安注流量等参数具有显著影响,对堆芯补水箱（CMT）和蓄压安注箱（ACC）安注流量的影响较小。      

AP1000小破口事故下非能动氮气安注箱的瞬态特性研究

根据AP1000非能动氮气安全注入水箱的结构和工作原理建立了热工水力模型并开发了计算分析程序TACAP。利用TACAP计算得到了AP1000非能动氮气安全注入水箱在两种小破口失水事故（包括25.4 cm等效直径冷管破口和5.08 cm等效直径冷管破口）下的瞬态特性,得到了箱内水位及注入流量等关键参数的瞬态变化。计算结果表明：安注箱在小破口失水事故后能提供高效的安全注入,对一回路快速地进行冷却和降压,有效地缓解事故后果。TACAP计算结果与西屋公司NOTRUMP程序计算结果基本一致,表明了TACAP程序的适用性和正确性。     

一体化多用途的非能动小型压水反应堆发生假定事故的初步分析

采用RELAP5/MOD3.2系统程序建立一体化小型反应堆的事故分析模型,包括反应堆冷却剂系统(RCS)、简化的二回路系统和专设安全设施。一体化多用途的非能动小型压水反应堆(SIMPLE)热功率为660 MWt(电功率大于200 MWe)。针对SIMPLE的直接安注管线(DVI)双端断裂事故和DVI2英寸(50.8mm)小破口失水事故(SBLOCA)进行分析。计算结果表明:对于直接安注管线双端断裂事故,破口和自动降压系统(ADS)能有效地使反应堆冷却系统降压,安注箱(ACC)和安全壳内置换料水箱(IRWST)能实现堆芯补水,确保堆芯冷却;对于DVI的SBLOCA,非能动专设安全设施能有效对RCS进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热。     

波动管小破口失水事故实验研究

在模块化小型反应堆非能动安全系统综合模拟实验装置上进行波动管小破口尺寸失水事故实验,研究波动管小破口失水事故过程中的热工水力现象和非能动安全系统运行特性。模块化小型反应堆发生失水事故后,压力平衡管和安注管线内流体的密度差可以驱动堆芯补水箱(CMT)内的冷流体注入反应堆压力容器,压力平衡管裸露后CMT安注流量出现波动;安注箱(ACC)的安注对事故初期的堆芯冷却效果显著;经自动卸压系统卸压后,内置换料水箱(IRWST)可以对堆芯进行持续稳定的安注和冷却。研究结果表明:波动管小破口失水事故中,非能动安注系统可以对堆芯进行有效注水,并带走堆芯衰变热量。     

核电厂堆芯冷却恶化恢复安注措施研究

本文使用RELAPSCDAPSIM3.4程序建立核电厂事故分析模型,选取了典型的中、小冷段破口事故作为分析序列,针对堆芯冷却恶化现象采取恢复安注措施进行了详细的热工水力计算。着重分析了在辅助给水有效情况下,重启安注的时间窗口、启动上充应对安注失效情况下的有效性、有无安注箱注入敏感性等。分析结果表明:当堆芯出口温度超过923K(即650℃),恢复安注建立应急堆芯冷却流量措施对于中、小破口是有效的;启动上充对较小破口效果明显;安注箱有效注入对中破口冷却恶化事故缓解有重要作用。     

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析中采用了高压安注系统和安注箱试验的测量结果,重新分析了大、小破口失水事故。为使分析计算与FSAR有一个可比性,模拟计算采用的初始条件、计算模型及分析程序都与FSAR相同。计算分析的结果进一步确认了秦山核电厂大、小破口失水事故后的安全性,并为FSAR中大、小破口失水事故分析提供了修改的依据。另外,依据秦山核电厂ECCS设计特点和运行方式,并参照LWR失水事故安全准则,评述了秦山核电厂ECCS的设计能力、可靠性和冗余度。     

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析

秦山核电厂调试后失水事故计算分析中采用了高压安注系统和安注箱试验的测量结 果,重新分析了大、小破口失水事故。为使分析计算与FSAR有一个可比性,模拟计算采用的初始条件、计算模型及分析程序都与FSAR相同。计算分析的结果进一步确认了秦山核电厂大、小破口失水事故后的安全性,并为FSAR中大、小破口失水事故分析提供了修改的依据。另外,依据秦山核电厂ECCS设计特点和运行方式,并参照LWR失水事故安全准则,评述了秦山核电厂ECCS的设计能力、可靠性和冗余度。     

基于DVI管失水事故试验的CATHARE程序模拟评价

采用CATHARE程序对直接注入(DVI)管失水事故(LOCA)试验进行了数值模拟。研究发现:DVI管LOCA中系统卸压、非能动安注、堆芯冷却等主要过程和物理现象得到了较好的模拟。一回路系统压力、堆芯补水箱(CMT)安注流量、安注箱(ACC)安注流量、内置换料水箱(IRWST)安注流量以及堆芯流体温度等参数的计算结果和试验数据符合较好。研究结果表明,CATHARE程序可以用于失水事故下非能动安注系统瞬态特性模拟分析。     

Development of accumulator computational aid for determining RCS injection volume

Reactor coolant system (RCS) injection using accumulator is an important strategy for both emergency operating procedure (EOP) and severe accident management guideline (SAMG) of pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant. Once accumulator injection starts, the operator is requested to close the accumulator isolation valve to avoid nitrogen gas flow into RCS as the water level is low. Current accumulator water level indication system is not designed for this purpose. In emergency operating procedure, it relies on the steam generator pressure to close the accumulator isolation valve.The purpose of this paper is to develop a computational aid for estimating RCS injection volume of accumulator. First of all, simple accumulator model is verified using the plant data during a station blackout incident of Maanshan nuclear power plant. An isentropic expansion model is found better than adiabatic expansion model. Then, a computational aid is developed based on this model. Using this computational aid, the accumulator water level can be judged directly from the accumulator pressure. This computational aid can be applied for typical PWR nuclear power plants in both emergency operating procedure and severe accident management guideline.     

Qualitative response of safety injection system for a large size break in the reactor coolant system cold leg

Safety injection system, accumulator injection system and residual heat removal system of CHASNUPP-1 were simulated using the computer code APROS. We observed the qualitative response of the simulated system during injection and re-circulation phases after LOCA. During rapid depressurization of SRC system due to leakage, these systems started coolant injection in the SRC system as per plant requirement. Different thermal-hydraulic parameters of the respective systems are presented and discussed. Results obtained are in good agreement with the reported document of the reference power plant.     

大型非能动压水堆核电厂安全注射系统旋启式止回阀阻力变化对长期堆芯冷却影响分析

大型非能动压水堆核电厂在发生失水事故(LOCA)后的长期堆芯冷却阶段依靠重力向堆芯注入应急冷却水,其注射管线上设置的旋启式止回阀的阻力可随流量变化,管线的阻力可能将非预期地增加。根据旋启式止回阀阻力特性,为失水事故最佳估算系统分析程序添加相应的计算功能,对压力容器直接注射(DVI)管线双端断裂事故后长期堆芯冷却工况进行了计算分析。结果表明:安全注射管线上旋启式止回阀阻力变化对大型非能动压水堆核电厂LOCA后长期冷却的影响较小;在安全裕量不足的情况下,旋启式止回阀的阻力特性将影响到非能动注射管线的安全注射功能的执行。     

SCDAP/RELAP5 Analysis of Station Blackout with Pump Seal LOCA in Surry Plant

During a station blackout of PWR, the pump seal will fail due to loss of the seal cooling. This particular transient-LOCA sequence designated as S3-TMLB' analyzed by SNL with MELPROG/TRAC for Surry plant showed that the depressurization due to the pump seal LOCA would result in early accumulator injection and subsequent core cooling which lead to the delay of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) meltthrough. The present analysis was performed with SCDAP/RELAP5 to evaluate this scenario shown in the MELPROG/TRAC analyses. Addition-ally, the calculated results were compared with the similar experimental studies of JAERI's ROSA-IV program.

The present analyses showed that: (1) During S3-TMLB', the loop seal clearing would occur and cause a slight delay of accident progression. (2) It is unlikely that the accumulator injection, which leads to the delay of RPV meltthrough by approximately 60 min, is initiated automatically during S3-TMLB'. Accordingly, an intentional depressurization using PORVs is recommended for the mitigation of the accident consequences. (3) The present SCDAP/RELAP5 analyses did not show significant delay of accident progression. It was found that non-realistic lower heat generation and higher core cooling models used in the MELPROG/TRAC analysis are attributed to this discrepancy.     

Development of Operator Action Time for SBLOCA during Plant Shutdown Operation in Power-uprated Kori 3 and 4

The ECCS performance, which mitigates a postulated catastrophic failure of the main reactor coolant piping during the full power operation, is judged to cover the consequences of LOCA occurring in other plant operational states. During Mode 3 with an accumulator isolated and Mode 4, since the normal alignment of ECCS equipments is changed from that which is available during the power operation, a potential safety issue, which involved the performance of ECCS for LOCA during Mode 3 with the accumulator isolated and Mode 4, was identified in 1985. This study is performed as the plant specific shutdown LOCA program for the power uprated Kori-3 and 4, of which the nominal core power is planned to increase by 4.5%. We determine and verify the operator action time to initiate SI following a small break LOCA in order that the peak clad temperature of fuel does not exceed the 10CFR50.46 limit of 1,477.6 K.

We evaluate the 0.1524 m (6 inches) pipe break in the cold leg to develop the SI initiation time. There is a considerable margin to the 10CFR50.46 limit of 1,477.6 K in the case that the SI is manually initiated at 25 min after an operator identifies the symptom of a small break LOCA. However, in respect of the safe plant operation, we decide the operator SI initiation time as 15 min in order that the SI water is supplied to prevent the fuel heat-up during the blowdown phase of a small break LOCA. After then, we evaluate the applicability of the pre-determined SI initiation time to other small break LOCAs, which have a smaller break size, a lower initial decay heat level or a different break location. Since the peak clad temperatures of applicability evaluation cases are lower than those of the umbrella case, we confirm that the pre-determined SI initiation time can be applied to mitigate the small break LOCAs during the plant shutdown operation. The SI initiation time developed in this study will be used in the Abnormal Operating Procedure of the power uprated Kori-3 and 4 for the small break LOCAs during the plant shutdown operation.     

MELCOR 1.8.4 sensitivity analysis of the severe accident evolution during the APR 1400 LOCA

Unlike most other systems in which the emergency core cooling (ECC) water is injected into the cold-legs, the Advanced Power Reactor (APR) 1400 employs a concept of a direct vessel injection (DVI) to reduce the bypass effects of the ECC water via a break during a design basis LOCA. For this, the DVI piping is designed so that the ECC water taken from an in-containment refueling storage tank (IRWST) directly flows into the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) down-comer. The main objective of this paper is to provide the MELCOR 1.8.4 sensitivity analysis results on the evolution of the severe accidents that can be expected during the APR 1400 LOCA and the insights gained from the analysis. For this purpose, the present sensitivity analysis mainly focuses on: (1) the impact of the foregoing engineering features (i.e., DVI and IRWST) in mitigating a severe core degradation and (2) the APR 1400-specific impacts of different break locations and sizes, and an operation of the containment spray systems on the timings of the key thermal-hydraulic responses, the severe degradation of the core, and the evolution of the core materials. No significant accident management strategy that plays a great role in mitigating a further progression of severe accidents has been taken into account in the present analysis. As a result, the present analysis results can be taken as the technical basis for assessing the effectiveness of a potential severe accident management.     

基于抽样的敏感性分析方法在LBLOCA质能释放PIRT评级中的应用

基于随机抽样的非参量敏感性统计分析方法是一种有效的敏感性分析方法,通过计算热工水力分析程序多个抽样输入参数与输出参数之间的相关系数来评价各输入参数对输出参数影响的重要程度。通过耦合DAKOTA和WCOBRA/TRAC程序,开发了基于抽样的适用于非能动核电厂大破口失水事故质能释放的敏感性分析方法,该方法可全面定量评估各敏感性参数对计算结果的影响。计算结果表明：堆芯初始功率、燃耗、衰变热、安注箱初始水温、初始水体积、安注箱管道阻力系数、堆芯补水箱初始水温、喷放系数及破口阻力系数对破口质能释放具有显著影响。该分析结果可为大破口失水事故质能释放分析现象识别和重要度排序表评级提供定量依据。     

压水堆主管道双端断裂事故下管路系统的力和力矩分析

文章引入了国外采用的经验数据和公式，分析了其缺陷性，并从流体瞬变和流体力学理论出发对压水堆主管道双端断裂进行了分析和研究。先用特征线法求得回路系统在失水事故工况下的压力、流量变化曲线，再用控制体体积积分方法较为精确地计算出主管道的１１个断点分别断裂时，其他各点的受力和力矩。这些计算结果为压水堆核电站的核安全设计和分析提供了可靠保证