氯化铵改性Lyocell纤维的研究--(Ⅰ)NH4Cl存在下纤维素/NMMO·H2O纺丝溶液的流变学性质

流变学性质的研究表明, 在纤维素中添加少量的改性剂NH4Cl,可以显著改变纤维素/NMMO·H2O溶液的流动行为及其粘弹性性质;随着NH4Cl量的增加,纤维素/NMMO·H2O溶液的表观黏度和零切黏度也随之增加,动态模量主曲线的交点向低频区移动.对于不同的纤维素体系,NH4Cl对其流变学性质的影响程度又有所不同;当NH4Cl的加入量为溶液质量的0.5%时,对于DP为818的棉纤维素体系,其NMMO·H2O溶液的动态模量主曲线交点模量最大.     

工艺条件对低温燃烧/水热法合成纳米羟基磷灰石的影响

以Ca(NO3)2·4H2O、(NH4)2HPO4和柠檬酸为原料,浓硝酸为溶剂,NH4NO3为助燃剂,采用低温燃烧/水热法能够快速合成羟基磷灰石纳米粉体.通过对不同工艺条件下得到的试样进行XRD、SEM等分析,研究了柠檬酸和NH4NO3的加入量对燃烧反应的影响,以及水热处理的温度和时间对水热反应的影响.研究结果表明,选择合理的工艺条件能够快速合成高纯度的羟基磷灰石纳米粉体.     

催化条件对SiO2静电自组装薄膜光学性质的影响

用NH3·H2O催化和先后经HCl、NH3·H2O、HCl依次分步催化分别制备了SiO2溶胶.在低折射率的玻璃基片上用静电自组装(electrostatic selfassembly multilayer,ESAM)法制备了聚电介质PDDA与SiO2的光学增透薄膜.研究了制备SiO2溶胶的催化条件对SiO2的光学增透薄膜在可见光区透光特性的影响.用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电镜(TEM)对薄膜进行了组成和结构分析,用721分光光度计测试薄膜的透光性能.结果显示,两种薄膜都使基片的透过率得到大大增加.NH3·H2O催化SiO2溶胶制备的SiO2光学增透膜使基片在波长为520nm处透过率达到99.2%,相对于HCl与NH3·H2O分步催化制备的薄膜强,但薄膜的耐刮伤能力较相对较差.     

Mn4+-掺杂锂钒氧化物的合成及其电化学性能

以LiOH·H2O、NH4VO3和Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O为原料,以柠檬酸(C6H8O7·H2O)为络合剂,用凝胶溶胶法按xLiV3O8·yLiMn2O4(x∶y=1∶0,4∶1,8∶l,12∶1,16∶1)合成出锂离子电池正极材料Mn4+-LiV3O8,并对其结构和电化学性能进行了研究.结果表明,用该法制备的...     

湿化学法制备 Y2O3纳米粉及透明陶瓷

以Y(NO3)3溶液和NH3·H2O为原料,制备了Y2O3纳米粉体.先驱沉淀物的化学组成为Y2(OH)5NO3·H2O.研究了pH值及滴加过程对先驱沉淀物形貌及Y2O3产物烧结性的影响.正向滴定,pH值较低时(pH=7.9),先驱沉淀物为片状结构;pH值较高时(pH=10.0),先驱沉淀物片层状结构特性减轻,并且颗粒变的细小.反向滴加时,片层状结构特征消失,主要为块状晶粒.先驱沉淀物为片状结构时,得到的粉体活性较高.添加适量的(NH4)2SO4能够减轻Y2O3粉体的团聚,沉淀的同时控制pH值在9以下,所得到的粉体具有更好的烧结性能.采用得到的Y2O3纳米粉,不加入任何烧结助剂,经1700℃真空烧结4h得到了透明Y2O3陶瓷.     

醇-水法制备纳米晶NiO粉体

Ni(NO3 ) 2 ·6H2 O和NH4HCO3 在醇 水溶液中反应合成NiCO3 · 2Ni(OH) 2 ·2H2 O前驱体 ,经煅烧后得到大约 10nmNiO粉体。同传统的水溶液法相比 ,醇 水法得到的NiO粉体粒径尺寸小、分布范围窄和团聚少 ,PEG的添加能够减少团聚     

纳米γ-Fe_2O_3的室温固相反应工艺研究

采用室温固相法合成了γ-Fe2O3的前驱体FeC2O4·2H2O及纳米γ-Fe2O3。以FeSO4·7H2O和H2C2O4·2H2O为原料,先得到了前驱体FeC2O4·2H2O,通过对反应机理的初步探讨,并研究其物质结构、分解过程和合适煅烧温度,最后在400℃下煅烧前驱体3h得到γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子。经热重(TG-DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)测试手段的分析,结果表明:室温固相法合成纳米γ-Fe2O3产物γ-Fe2O3纯净、粒子为纳米级且分布均匀。     

在Ca(OH)2碱性条件下亚硫酸钙对矿渣的激发作用研究

采用DTA、XRD、SEM等测试方法 ,研究了在Ca(OH) 2 碱性条件下CaSO3·1 2H2 O对矿渣的激发作用 ,并与CaSO4·2H2 O对矿渣的激发作用进行了对比。结果表明 :CaSO3·1 2H2 O对矿渣的激发作用远不如CaSO4·2H2 O ,CaSO3·1 2H2 O和铝酸盐反应主要生成片状的C3A·CaSO3·11H2 O     

低热固相反应制备纳米铈镍铁氧体粉末

采用Ce(NO3 ) 3 ·6H2 O、NiSO4·6H2 O、FeCl3 ·3H2 O和H2 C2 O4·2H2 O为原料 ,室温固相反应制备出相应的草酸盐前驱物 ,将前驱物在 3 80℃下分解 3h ,得到Ce0 .2 5NiFeO3 的棕黑色粉末 ,用热分析、X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜对产物的组成、大小、形貌及有关性质进行了表征。结果表明获得了平均粒径为 3 0nm、分布均匀、无团聚的铈镍铁氧体纳米粉末     

三醋酸纤维素中空纤维纳滤膜的研制

采用三醋酸纤维素 (CTA)为膜材料 ,环丁砜作溶剂 ,以聚乙二醇 (PEG)为主、加入适量其它添加剂组合成多元型致孔剂 ,通过冻胶法纺丝 ,制得中空纤维纳滤 (NF)膜 .该膜在给水质量浓度 2 0 0 0mg/L、操作压力 1.0MPa、水温 2 5℃条件下 ,对MgSO4 、NaCl的脱除率分别大于 96%和小于 5 0 % ,透水量均大于 2 .5mL/ (cm2 ·h) .还讨论了纺丝配方、热处理温度和操作条件等因素对膜性能的影响     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...