1998的中国原油价格改革

1998年6月,国家对陆上原油价格的形成机制实行了重大改革,使我国的原油价格摆脱了长期以来由政府统一定价的封闭、僵化状态,开始走向与国际接轨、由市场定价的新时期。1 改革前的油价回顾 政府对原油实行定价政策始于大庆油田正式开采的1960年。当时确定大庆原油为130元/t,其余原油略有差别。一直执行到1970年。美元汇率按     

上海原油期货有望打造亚洲原油定价基准

<正>由中国社会科学院研究生院国际能源安全研究中心与社会科学文献出版社联合出版的《世界能源蓝皮书:世界能源发展报告(2019)》在京发布。蓝皮书预计,上海原油期货有望打造亚洲原油定价的基准。蓝皮书指出,上海原油期货的推出,不仅可推动中东地区原油定价体系趋于完整,也可弥补亚太地区原油定价的空白,提升我国石油定价体系的国际话语权,推动逐步消除价     

上海原油期货在国际原油市场的地缘意义和应用

国际原油市场具有明显的地缘格局;在现行国际原油定价体系中,最重要的三大基准原油WTI、Brent、Dubai分别反映着北美、欧洲、中东地区原油市场的供需平衡状态。针对基准原油的地缘属性,文章认为上海原油期货上市具有完善中国及亚太地区原油定价功能的地缘意义,有望成为中国及亚太地区原油市场供需的晴雨表,有助于弥补全球石油定价体系缺失的一环,具有良好的发展和应用前景。     

成品油定价公式中辛塔原油取代米纳斯

中国油价咨询委员会的一位高级官员证实,在国内成品油定价公式中,使用中东基准原油迪拜原油、北海的布伦特原油和印尼的辛塔原油作为原油平均价。     

哈萨克斯坦原油管输经营模式分析

哈国原油即将通过中哈输油管道,新疆油田克独克乌输油管道和西部管道公司乌兰线进入内地。在哈国原油定价机制,期货交易行为,实际管输量未定的情况下,本文结合哈油的设计输量及新疆油田的实际经营水平,引用现行价格标准和数据,以现货交易的为前提,对买断经营和承运经营两种经营模式进行了定性和定量的分析,得出了实际损耗率水平决定经营模式好坏的结论。该结论对管道企业决定自己的经营模式具有重要的现实意义。     

我国的页岩气定价方法研究及可行性分析

论文在充分研究常规天然气资源情况及定价模式基础上,结合我国特色的页岩气市场,分析符合我国的页岩气定价模式,为各级政府针对性的页岩气开发提供政策制定依据,也为我国页岩气产业快速推进提供相应理论支撑。     

浅析工程量清单计价

工程量清单计价模式已经在我国实施运用工程很多年,它是一种量价分离模式,也是我国工程造价管理由政府定价模式向市场定价转变的标志。本文浅析工程量清单计价,并对比一下工程量定额,分析工程量清单计价的优点。     

试析原油集输地面工艺流程模式

随着我国油田的二次勘探,对原有集输地面工艺流程也有了更高的要求,单井原油的含水量不断升高,大量的油井不需要加热便可以直接输送,有的油田对油温较低的油田安装了加热器,这样就可以直接对低温的原油进行加温,目前,我国很多油田都已经实现了油田的二次注水开采,地面原油的集输流程也变得越来越复杂,本文对原油集输地面工艺流程模式做了具体的阐述。     

石油公司降低进口原油采购成本途径的探讨

介绍了石油贸易基础知识,分析了石油贸易的定价原理,并从基准油价、贴水、运输费用以及其他费用的各个环节探讨了降低进口原油采购成本的途径。     

消息称天然气价改不与原油挂钩

从接近本次天然气价格改革的人士处获悉,提交国务院的天然气价改方案有好几种,其中呼声较高的方案是提高化肥和工业用气的价格,但仍保留分档定价,该定价公式可能不与原油挂钩。     

沙特调整原油作价方式的分析及影响

介绍了国际原油贸易的作价方式,分析了沙特阿拉伯调整出口美国原油作价方式的原因及影响.     

原油海运费实证分析

通过分析OPEC海运费统计数据以及原油贸易运费计价公式,研究提出了可用于炼油企业盈利预测和炼油项目财务评价的进口原油海运计费公式。     

中国原油期货市场效率国际比较

中国原油期货经过近3年的发展,在交易规模上已经成为全球第三大原油期货品种,但其市场效率有待深入研究。本文对中国原油期货的价格发现功能、套期保值效率进行了实证检验,并与WTI、Brent原油期货进行了对比分析。结果显示,中国原油期货价格与现货价格联动性较好,价格发现功能初步显现;而套期保值效率明显低于WTI、Brent原油期货,避险功能有待加强。为提升中国原油期货的定价话语权、有效发挥套期保值功能,建议进一步丰富能源期货品种,加大衍生品创新力度,扩大期货市场对外开放以及完善期货市场制度建设。     

Application of artificial neural network for prediction of 10 crude oil properties

This study aims to develop an industrially reliable and accurate method to estimate crude oil properties from their Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. We used the complete FTIR spectral data of selected crude oil samples from seven different Canadian oil fields to predict 10 important crude oil properties using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The predicted properties include specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, total acid number, micro carbon content, and production of light and heavy naphtha, Kero, and distillate in oil refineries. The 107 different (65 light oil and 42 heavy/medium oil samples) crude oil samples used in this study came from seven oil fields and reservoirs across Canada. In line with standard practice, we used 80% of the dataset for training the ANN models and used the remaining 20% of the crude oil samples to test the models. In the ANN analysis, the mean squared error (MSE) was used as the loss function in models, and the mean absolute prediction error (MAPE) was used as a reference to compare the performance of different neural networks constructed with different numbers of layers. This work demonstrates that FTIR spectroscopy is a promising technique that provides rapid and accurate estimates for the oil properties of interest to the industry. A comparison of the values predicted by the validated ANN models and their corresponding measured (actual) values showed excellent prediction with the acceptable range of error (below 15%) aimed for by our industry partner for all properties except viscosity, for which building models based on the natural logarithmic values of measured viscosities significantly improved the results.     

New approach for scheduling crude oil operations

Scheduling of crude oil operations is crucial to petroleum refining, which includes determining the times and sequences of crude oil unloading, blending, and CDU feeding. In the last decades, many approaches have been proposed for solving this problem, but they either suffered from composition discrepancy [Lee et al. 1996. Mixed-integer linear programming model for refinery short-term scheduling of crude oil unloading with inventory management. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 35, 1630-1641; Jia et al., 2003. Refinery short-term scheduling using continuous time formulation: crude-oil operations. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 42, 3085-3097; Jia and Ierapetritou, 2004. Efficient short-term scheduling of refinery operations based on a continuous time formulation. Computer and Chemical Engineering 28, 1001-1019] or led to infeasible solutions for some cases [Reddy et al., 2004a. Novel solution approach for optimizing crude oil operations. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 50(6), 1177-1197; 2004b. A new continuous-time formulation for scheduling crude oil operations. Chemical Engineering Science 59, 1325-1341]. In this paper, coastal and marine-access refineries with simplified workflow are considered. Unlike existing approaches, the new approach can avoid composition discrepancy without using iterative algorithm and find better solution effectively. In this approach, a new mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) formulation is set up for crude oil scheduling firstly, and then some heuristic rules collected from expert experience are proposed to linearize bilinear terms and prefix some binary variables in the MINLP model. Thus, crude oil scheduling can be expressed as a complete mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model with fewer binary variables. To illustrate the advantage of the new approach, four typical examples are solved with three models. The new model is compared with the most effective models (RKS(a) and RKS(b) models) presented by Reddy et al. [2004a. Novel solution approach for optimizing crude oil operations. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 50(6), 1177-1197; 2004b. A new continuous-time formulation for scheduling crude oil operations. Chemical Engineering Science 59, 1325-1341], which proves that the new approach is valid and feasible in most small-size and medium-size problems.     

苏嵯输油管道混合原油凝点计算方法

对呼伦贝尔与塔木察格原油不同混合比例下进行凝点测试实验,并根据已有的混合原油凝点模型进行计算,优选了凝点计算模型。通过分析实验数据,采用曲线拟合和最小二乘法进行模型修正两种方法得出苏嵯输油管道混合原油凝点计算公式,并对修正后模型和拟合出的曲线进行验证。实验数据表明修正后的模型较曲线拟合公式对于计算混合原油凝点结果更精准,可使原油的凝点较已有模型计算值的最小平均绝对偏差减小75%,较最大平均绝对偏差减小99%,较最小标准偏差减小45.77%,较最大标准偏差减小75.26%。     

正交实验及量纲分析研究超声波原油破乳

利用正交实验研究各可控因素(声强、作用时间、沉降时间、破乳剂用量及温度等)对超声波原油破乳脱水的影响,用量纲分析法建立数学模型,并作了讨论。方差分析的结果表明声强、温度、作用时间对原油脱后含水有高度显著影响,影响大小的顺序为声强>作用时间>温度,沉降时间、破乳剂用量以及温度与破乳剂的交互作用对原油脱后含水基本没有影响。在混响场中,经超声波破乳后,原油的含水质量分数可降至0.4%。     

浅论我国原油资源战略和重质原油加工前景

通过分析近年我国石油进口依存度，指出原油资源战略是新世纪我国石油工业发展的核心战略，而石油贮备是这一战略的重要组成部分。开发天然气作为替代能源、原油进口资源多元化和提高重质高硫原油加工能力是石油进口国的主要发展趋势，也是我国石油石化工业的发展方向。