钨基合金增塑粉末挤压成形新技术

采用增塑粉末挤压成形新技术,开发了几种适合钨基合金挤压成形用粘结剂,研究几种配方粘结剂的相容性及挤压、脱脂特性。通过热力学计算和热分析,以及扫描电镜和偏光显微镜观察,发现粘结剂各组元分子间具有较好的相容性。通过优化喂料制备、挤压工艺,分别在60和75℃制备出直径达24mm的大长径比钨基合金棒材。综合采用溶剂-热两步脱脂工艺,实现Ф24mm挤压棒坯的快速无缺陷脱脂。     

增塑粉末挤压成形新技术

以硬质合金材质体系为对象，针对目前主要的一类挤压成形设备－真空螺杆挤压机，开发出了一种增塑粉末挤压成形新技术。从理论上系统分析了成形过程的物理本质及粘结剂非等温脱脂机理与动力学，并推导出了一系列流变学材料函数。理论分析与实验相结合，开发出了一种多组元新粘剂设计与制备技术，优化了挤压工艺参数，制备了直径20mm的硬质合金挤压棒。     

硬质合金注射成形脱脂工艺与碳含量控制

将传统蜡基粘结剂和油＋蜡改进粘结剂体系分别与粒度为1．97μm的WC-8Co硬质合金粉末混合采用注射成形法制备了全致密高强度的硬质合金。研究了注射坯在Hz中的热脱脂工艺和溶剂脱脂与其后补充热脱脂工艺，和不同脱脂工艺对脱脂坯碳含量的影响。结果表明：油＋蜡改进粘结剂体系具有更好的热脱脂和溶剂脱脂行为。通过工艺优化和碳含量控制，在真空气氛下1400℃烧结80min制备出高抗弯强度的全致密硬质合金烧结制品。     

硬质合金挤压成形喂料热脱脂特性

开发出了适用于硬质合金挤压成形的成形剂及相应的热脱脂技术，通过优化配方设计与制备方式及工艺条件，制得了性能优良，分布均匀的成表剂。研究了成形剂及喂料的热脱脂工艺与机遇，发现热脱脂可分为低温区与高温区2个阶段，其脱脂机理均为热扩散，但2阶段热脱脂反应活化能不同；无论是成形剂还是喂料，其它组元的加入起了催化剂的作用，能有产地降低热脱脂反应活化能。     

超细WC-6%Co注射坯的脱脂工艺研究

研究了超细硬质合金WC-6%Co注射坯的溶剂脱脂-热脱脂工艺,讨论了脱脂时间、脱脂温度、注射坯形状和固液比等工艺参数对溶剂脱脂速率的影响,通过改善溶剂脱脂-热脱脂工艺,得到了高性能超细硬质合金台阶状圆棒。结果表明:溶剂脱脂速率随着脱脂温度的升高而上升,随时间的延长而降低;溶剂脱脂3 h后,台阶状圆棒中可溶粘结剂基本脱除。溶剂脱脂时,弓形棒和台阶状圆棒的平均脱除速度较快,圆台棒的平均脱除速率较慢,即溶剂脱脂速率与注射坯的S/V(表面积/体积)值成正比。固液比越小,粘结剂平均脱除速率越高;在稳定阶段,残留可溶粘结剂量高的注射坯脱脂速率快。溶剂脱脂时,粘结剂从外向内脱除,内部可溶粘结剂在形成脱除通道后快速脱除。经过DSC分析,溶剂脱脂坯中存在少量高聚物共混物,需改善热脱脂工艺。优化脱脂工艺后,超细WC-6%Co硬质合金台阶状圆棒的碳含量合适,WC晶粒度为0.35μm,硬度HV10为1 828,致密度大于99%,尺寸精度高。     

硬质合金注射成形多组元聚合物粘结剂的溶剂脱脂工艺研究

以YT5硬质合金为对象，以正庚烷作为溶剂，系统研究了以多组元聚合物为粘结剂的注射坯样的溶剂脱脂行为。考查了粘结剂体系组成、脱脂温度、脱脂时间、样品厚度、样品形状对坯样脱脂率的影响及其原因。结果表明：在3组粘结剂体系中，改进型蜡基粘结剂溶剂脱脂速度最快，脱脂效果最好，40℃，3h条件下该粘结剂体系中能被溶剂溶解的组元的脱除率达到98％；随脱脂温度的升高，脱脂时间的延长，粘结剂脱除率增大；溶剂脱脂初期为扩散控制，后期为溶解控制；粘结剂平均脱除速率与生坯表面积成正比，与生坯厚度成反比；脱脂完成后，脱脂坯边缘和中心组织均匀一致。     

YT5硬质合金注射成形新型溶剂脱脂工艺研究

脱脂是整个注射成形工艺中的关键步骤。本文以YT5硬质合金为对象,以正庚烷作为溶剂,系统研究了以多组元聚合物为粘结剂的注射坯样的溶剂脱脂行为。考查了粘结剂体系组成、脱脂温度、脱脂时间、样品厚度、样品形状对坯样脱脂率的影响及其原因。实验结果表明:在本实验所使用的三组粘结剂体系中,改进型蜡基粘结剂溶剂脱脂速度最快,脱脂效果最好,40℃、3h条件下该粘结剂体系中能被溶剂溶解的组元的脱除率达到98%;随脱脂温度的升高、脱脂时间的延长,粘结剂脱除率增大;溶剂脱脂初期为扩散控制,后期为溶解控制;粘结剂平均脱除速率与生坯表面积成正比,与生坯厚度成反比;脱脂完成后,脱脂坯边缘和中心组织均匀一致。     

粉末微注射成形制备钟表用启步齿轮的技术研究

采用粉末微注射成型(μPIM)技术制备微型齿轮.在模具方面,就模具的分型面、拔模斜度、浇注系统以及顶出系统等几个关键问题进行了优化设计;粘结剂方面,采用EVA制备PP-PE-Pw-EVA-Mw-Sa粘结剂体系,通过测试其 TG-DSC曲线,发现此体系混炼的较好,组分与组分之间互溶性良好,熔化温度之间衔接良好,不会出现温度“断裂”的现象；在注射成型工艺方面,对注射成型压力、速率、温度、顶出速率等工艺参数进行了研究,制备了缺陷率低的毛坯；并根据粘结剂、粉末的特性制定了合适的脱脂烧结工艺,最终成功的制备了最小尺寸为315微米性能良好的微型齿轮,为μPIM技术在制备微型零部件领域提供了技术支持.     

YT5硬质合金注射成形

开发了一种适合于硬质合金注射成形的“改进型蜡基粘结剂”和一种称作“高压冷凝溶剂脱脂”的新的脱脂方法。实验结果表明 :使用该粘结剂 ,硬质合金注射混合料流变性能良好 ,临界固体粉末装载量达到 6 5 %。新的脱脂方法脱脂速率快 ,脱脂坯强度高。采用优化的工艺制备了 PIM YT5硬质合金试样 ,其抗弯强度、硬度和密度分别达到2 10 0 MPa、HRA 90 .4和 12 .83g/cm3 ,制品保形性良好 ,尺寸偏差小于± 0 .0 4m m。     

W-Cu粉末注射成型脱脂问题的研究

研究了石蜡基粘结剂和W-Cu粉末混合制备的喂料的脱脂性能.选择CH<,2>Cl<,2>为溶剂脱脂的溶剂,坯料在37℃的CH<,2>Cl<,2>中脱脂4h可以脱除粘结剂的70%以上,坯料内已形成了连通孔道,可以在后续的热脱脂中快速加热脱除剩余的粘结剂.根据喂料的热重分析结果确定了热脱脂工艺,热脱脂的最高温度为490℃,经过10h热脱脂,坯料中的粘结剂可完全脱除.     

Fabrication of 93W–Ni–Fe alloy large-diameter rods by powder extrusion molding

A powder extrusion molding (PEM) process has been used for the manufacturing of tungsten heavy alloy rods with large length to diameter ratio. An improved wax-based multi-component binder was developed for PEM of 93W–Ni–Fe alloy. The miscibility of its components and the characteristics of the binder were evaluated and good thermal–physical properties were obtained. Also, the feedstock rheological properties, extrusion molding and debinding process were studied. The feedstock exhibited a pseudo-plastic flow behavior. The large length to diameter ratio rods, with diameters up to 36 mm were extruded at 65 °C by optimizing the extrusion process. A two-step debinding process was employed to remove the binder in the extruded rods. Solvent debinding was carried out in n-heptane at 45 °C to extract the soluble components. A process of repeated short time immersion and drying of the extruded rods (called short-period solvent debinding) was developed and using this novel technique the binder removed was raised from 45% to 60%. SEM analyses indicated that a large volume of pores was formed in debound rods, but had not created interpenetrating pore channels yet. The rest of the binder could be thermally extracted at a high heating rate without defects.     

埋粉对热脱脂速率和传质过程的影响

对比了活性碳、γ-Al_2O_3、ZrO_2粉、α-Al_2O_3和刚玉等5种埋粉对热脱脂中低分子量粘结剂脱除速率及传质过程的影响.结果表明比表面积高的活性碳和γ-Al_2O_3对脱脂的促进作用可以保持低分子量粘结剂脱除的整个过程,而低比表面积的刚玉粉、α-Al_2O_3粉、ZrO_2粉则只在起始阶段起作用.空气气氛和低比表面积埋粉的热脱脂过程可以用扩散传质方程描述,而高比表面积埋粉对传质的促进作用体现在液相抽吸和气体吸附两个方面,气体吸附作用不能在扩散方程中得到体现.     

Effect of thermo-mechanical properties of PIM feedstock on compacts shape retention during debinding process

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Rapid debinding of 316L stainless steel injection moulded component

Wax-based binder system is widely used but they suffer from long debinding time and a tendency to slump or distort during debinding. This has been a major obstacle for the economic process for metal injection moulding (MIM). For improving the debinding process, two-step debinding process has been introduced. Gas-atomised 316L stainless steel powder was injection moulded using two types of multi-component binder system comprising (1) a major fraction of paraffin wax and a minor fraction of polyethylene (PE) and stearic acid (SA) as a lubricant, (2) a major fraction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a minor fraction of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) binder system. Debinding was carried out in two steps; first, the moulded part is immersed in heptane or distilled water at 60 °C to remove the major component of the binder and then heated to remove the remaining binder. The results show that no swelling or distortion was observed on the moulded specimens on both binder systems. Furthermore, the specimens had an adequate strength for handling even after solvent extraction. Large pore were formed from the surface to the interior of the debound part during solvent extraction, allowed easy escape of pyrolysis gases during thermal debinding. Thermal debinding with ramp heating at rates from 3 to 15 °C/min was found to be successful.     

Powder injection molding of pure titanium

An improved wax-based binder was developed for powder injection molding of pure titanium. A critical powder loading of 69 vol.% and a pseudo-plastic flow behavior were obtained by the feedstock based on the binder. The injection molding, debinding, and sintering process were studied. An ideal control of carbon and oxygen contents was achieved by thermal debinding in vacuum atmosphere (10-3 Pa). The mechanical properties of as-sintered specimens were less than those of titanium made by the conventional press-sintering process. Good shape retention and ±0.04 mm dimension deviation were achieved.     

Powder injection molding of WC–8%Co tungsten cemented carbide

An improved wax-based multi-component binder was developed for powder injection molding of tungsten cemented carbide. A critical powder loading of 65 vol.% and an ideal rheological properties were obtained by the feedstock based on the binder. An ideal control of carbon content was achieved by thermal debinding in 75 vol.%N₂/25 vol.%H₂ atmosphere, which balanced the decarbonization effect of H₂ and the carburation effect of N₂. Solvent debinding followed by subsequent thermal debinding could substantially increase the debinding rate, and it is more flexible and adjustable to debinding atmosphere. The transverse rupture strength, hardness and density of the as-sintered specimens made by an optimized powder injection molding process were 2500 MPa, HRA90 and 14.72 g cm⁻³ respectively. Good shape retention and ±0.02 mm dimension deviation were achieved.     

铌合金注射成形脱脂工艺研究

设计了一种适合于铌合金注射成形的低残碳粘结剂体系,为68％PW-5％LDPE-22％PMMA-5％SA（质量分数）,并研究其脱脂工艺。结果表明：脱脂时间、温度及样品厚度对溶剂脱脂率影响显著。采用三氯乙烯为溶剂,在脱脂温度为40℃,溶剂脱脂6h,即可使粘结剂脱除率达到52．8％,使后继热脱脂时间缩短至7．5h。以粘结剂的DSC差热分析结果为指导,可快速制定合理的热脱脂工艺,在真空热脱脂气氛条件下可使脱脂坯残余碳、氧含量得到有效控制,分别为0．18％．0．25％．     

硬质合金注射成形脱脂过程中的碳含量控制

研究了不同脱脂气氛 (不同比例N2 与H2 的混合气体 )和脱脂方法 (热脱脂、溶剂脱脂 热脱脂、冷凝蒸汽脱脂 热脱脂 )对PIM硬质合金脱脂坯及合金碳含量的影响。结果表明 :N2 热脱脂粘结剂容易以炭黑的形式残留在脱脂坯中 ,造成合金增碳 ;H2 热脱脂导致合金脱碳 ;75 %N2 2 5 %H2 (体积分数 )混合气体热脱脂既能有效地脱除粘结剂 ,又能保证合金碳含量相对稳定 ;溶剂脱脂和冷凝溶剂脱脂能显著缩短脱脂时间 ,而且由于高温保持时间短 ,在后续热脱脂过程中采用H2 作保护气也可获得满意的碳含量 ,说明该方法对工艺条件的适应性强。通过调整热脱脂高温保持时间 ,可在一定范围内对脱脂坯的碳含量进行调整 ,说明过程的可调控性好。与溶剂脱脂相比 ,冷凝蒸气脱脂粘结剂脱除率更高 ,脱脂坯有较高的强度 ,有效地防止了脱脂坯软化变形的现象。