不同酿酒酵母发酵对干红葡萄酒品质的影响

为得到优良的本土酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）,以商业酿酒酵母（DS、CECA、CEC01）为对照,采用本土优良酿酒酵母WJ1、Q12发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒,测定其发酵过程中总酸、残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量的变化,并对葡萄酒进行感官评价。结果表明,不同酿酒酵母发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒过程中总酸、残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量变化趋势一致。本土酿酒酵母WJ1发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酸度较高,为6.92 g/L,残糖、酒精度、花色苷、单宁和总酚含量分别为3.32 g/L、15.0%vol、282.35 mg/L、204.95 mg/L、3 110.04 mg/L,感官评分为89分,显著高于商业酿酒酵母（P＜0.05）。酿酒酵母Q12发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酸度、残糖、酒精度分别为3.87 g/L、3.5 g/L、14.8%vol,花色苷、单宁和总酚含量分别为192.22 mg/L、205.01 mg/L、2 215.37 mg/L,感官评分为70分,显著低于商业酿酒酵母（P＜0.05）。因此,本土酿酒酵母WJ1可用作发酵赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的商业酵母。     

添加葡萄籽单宁对橡木桶陈酿‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法和感官分析排序法,研究橡木桶陈酿前添加葡萄籽单宁（200 mg/L）对陈酿12 个月后‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气组分和感官特征的影响。结果表明：添加葡萄籽单宁对2 个品种葡萄酒香气的影响各异。葡萄籽单宁添加促进了橡木桶陈酿期间‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒中香草酸、香草醛、香草酸乙酯、糠醛、乙酰呋喃和糠醇等橡木来源香气物质的浸出,而抑制‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒中糠醛、乙酰呋喃、糠醇、5-甲基糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛等橡木来源香气物质的浸出。添加葡萄籽单宁后,‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的生青味和浆果香降低,烘烤味增强,‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒的生青味和花香略有增强,对陈酿型干红葡萄酒的生产具有重要指导作用。     

The association between perceived sweetness intensity and dietary intake in young adults

Individual differences in taste perception may influence dietary habits, nutritional status, and ultimately nutrition-related chronic disease risk. Individual differences in sweetness intensity perception and the relationship between perceived sweetness intensity, food behaviors, and dietary intake was investigated in 85 adults. Subjects (body mass index [BMI]= 21 ± 3, 21 ± 4 y) completed a food and diet questionnaire, food variety survey, 2 24-h food records, and a perceived sweetness intensity measurement using the general labeled magnitude scale (gLMS). There was interindividual variation in perceived sweetness intensity (0 to 34 gLMS units, mean 10 ± 7). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no difference between perceived sweetness intensity and degree of importance placed on not adding sugar to tea or coffee (P = 0.2) and the degree of importance placed on avoiding sugar-sweetened or fizzy drinks (P = 1.0). Independent t-test analysis revealed no significant association between perceived sweetness intensity and the food variety measure for sugar and confectionary intake (P = 0.6) and selected fruit and vegetable intake (P = 0.1 to 0.9). One-way ANOVA also demonstrated no difference between tertiles of sweetness intensity and BMI (P = 0.1), age (P = 0.3), and food variety score (P = 0.5). No correlation was observed with regards to perceived sweetness intensity and mean total energy (kJ) intake (r = 0.05, P = 0.7), percent energy from total fat, saturated fat, protein, carbohydrate, and grams of fiber (r =-0.1 to 0.1, P = 0.2 to 0.8) and also for intake of the micronutrients: folate, magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc (r = 0.1 to 0.2, P = 0.1 to 0.4). Only modest correlations were observed between sodium (r = 0.3, P < 0.05), vitamin C (r = 0.3, P < 0.05), and potassium (r = 0.2, P < 0.0) intake and perceived sweetness intensity. Overall, perceived sweetness intensity does not appear to play a role in food behaviors relating to sugar consumption and dietary intake in adults.     

How do you perceive this wine? Comparing naturalness perceptions of Swiss and Australian consumers

Consumers around the globe are showing an increasing demand for food products that are perceived as being natural. The present study aimed to assess what properties of wine have an influence on the perceived naturalness of wine, with a focus on winemaking techniques. An online survey was conducted in the German-speaking part of Switzerland (n = 252) and in Australia (n = 234). Wine naturalness was significantly more important to Swiss respondents compared to Australian respondents as well as to respondents with a high level of involvement with wine compared to respondents with a low level of involvement. Wine from an “Old World” wine-producing country, wine that was aged in barriques, or wine sealed with an oak cork were perceived as the most natural. The addition of sugar, sulfites, or the use of gelatin were regarded as the most unnatural properties of wine. In terms of production, additives were perceived as significantly less natural than processing aids and technologies that are used in winemaking. Significant differences in the naturalness perception of different wine attributes were found between the two countries, Switzerland and Australia, as well as between respondents with a high level of involvement with wine and those with a low level. The findings of this study add to the research on naturalness perception and may help winemakers and marketers to optimize communication with their consumers.     

Impact of exogenous tannin additions on wine chemistry and wine sensory character

Tannins are an important part of wine quality and are frequently added during winemaking. Tannin additives and their impact on wine are poorly documented. This work sought to characterize a range of enological tannins and their contribution to wine quality. Enological tannins were analysed for protein precipitable tannins and iron reactive phenolics. One tannin product was added to a Merlot wine during barrel ageing, at a range of concentrations from 60 to 300 mg/l. Condensed and hydrolysable tannins were added to Cabernet Sauvignon wine post-pressing at a recommended and excessive rate. Wines were analysed for anthocyanin, small and large polymeric pigment, precipitable tannin, iron reactive phenolics and sensory character. Enological tannins contained 12-48% tannin and recommended additions had little impact on wine tannin. High tannin additions were readily measured in the wines and were discriminated in sensory analysis with lower intensities of most parameters except brown colour, bitterness and earthy character. Recommended addition rates are too low to impact the measured tannin concentration of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Washington (USA). High enological tannin additions had a measureable impact on final wine had a negative impact on sensory character. Tannins are added to wines for a range of reasons and represent one of many input costs in an industry increasingly seeking efficiencies in response to global economic circumstances, over-supply and an ongoing price point squeeze. This research suggests many tannin additions may be unjustified and have limited or negative impacts on quality.     

不同皮渣浸渍发酵时间对葡萄酒中缩合单宁构成及感官品质的影响

为明确不同皮渣浸渍时间对葡萄酒中缩合单宁的影响,以赤霞珠和西拉为材料,进行不同浸渍发酵时间处理,对葡萄皮和葡萄籽以及葡萄酒中缩合单宁的含量、组成、缩合单宁以及相关口感指标等进行了分析。结果表明,不同葡萄品种中缩合单宁的初始含量、聚合度及没食子酰化率都有显著差异（P<0.05）。葡萄皮中缩合单宁的平均聚合度显著高于葡萄籽（P<0.05）,而葡萄皮缩合单宁的没食子酰化率则显著低于葡萄籽缩合单宁（P<0.05）。葡萄皮和葡萄籽中缩合单宁组成的最大差异是葡萄籽缩合单宁中不含有（?）-表棓儿茶素亚单元,而且末端单元主要是由（+）-儿茶素、（?）-表儿茶素和（?）-表儿茶素没食子酸酯组成。皮渣浸渍时间对葡萄酒中缩合单宁的组成及含量都有明显影响。随着浸渍时间的延长,葡萄酒中缩合单宁的总含量呈上升趋势,而平均聚合度则呈下降趋势。不同品种的葡萄酒之间缩合单宁含量也存在显著差异（P<0.05）,这与不同葡萄品种中酚类物质的可浸提率有关。葡萄酒中葡萄皮缩合单宁的占比一直显著高于籽粒缩合单宁的占比（P<0.05）,说明葡萄皮中缩合单宁比葡萄籽缩合单宁更容易浸提到葡萄酒中。相对于苦味和酸味,不同浸渍时间处理对葡萄酒的涩味影响更为显著（P<0.05）,综合考虑酒体的丰满度和口感的平衡,皮渣浸渍时间选择14 d左右更好一些。     

Alcohol,Tannins, and Mannoprotein and their Interactions Influence the Sensory Properties of Selected Commercial Merlot Wines: A Preliminary Study

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of the interaction among alcohol, tannins, and mannoproteins on the aroma, flavor, taste, and mouthfeel characteristics of selected commercial Merlot wines. Merlot wines (n = 61) were characterized for wine chemistry parameters, including pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, glucose, fructose, tannin profile, total proteins, and mannoprotein content. Agglomerative clustering of these physicochemical characteristics revealed 6 groups of wines. Two wines were selected from each group (n = 12) and profiled by a trained sensory evaluation panel. One wine from each group was evaluated using the electronic tongue (e‐tongue). Sensory evaluation results showed complex effects among tannins, alcohol, and mannoproteins on the perception of most aromas, flavors, tastes, and mouthfeel attributes (P < 0.05). The e‐tongue showed distinct differences among the taste attributes of the 6 groups of wines as indicated by a high discrimination index (DI = 95). Strong correlations (r² > 0.930) were reported between the e‐tongue and sensory perception of sweet, sour, bitter, burning, astringent, and metallic. This study showed that interactions among wine matrix components influence the resulting sensory perceptions. The strong correlation between the e‐tongue and trained panel evaluations indicated the e‐tongue can complement sensory evaluations to improve wine quality assessment.     

盐碱荒漠化戈壁酿酒葡萄的果实品质比较分析

为分析10个酿酒葡萄品种和种植年份的成熟期葡萄的主要理化品质,以嘉峪关紫轩葡萄园区红葡萄品种（山葡萄、梅鹿辄、左优红、北冰红、赤霞珠）和白葡萄品种（霞多丽、威代尔、贵人香、白玉霓）为原料,分析比较不同品种葡萄的单粒质量、果粒径、总可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、糖酸比、总酚及单宁含量。不同品种葡萄中不同物质的含量存在差异,红葡萄品种梅鹿辄、赤霞珠和白葡萄品种威代尔、贵人香4个品种的糖酸比、总酚含量和单宁含量比较高,品质较好,适宜于嘉峪关紫轩葡萄园区的栽培环境。     

贺兰山东麓红葡萄酒等级划分客观标准的初步研究

对贺兰山东麓各等级葡萄酒理化指标进行分析,根据葡萄酒的理化指标参数与等级之间的相关性,初步研究葡萄酒客观等级划分标准。选用在宁夏地区主栽品种赤霞珠和蛇龙珠红葡萄酒的30个样品,7个理化参数,利用相关性分析研究了理化指标与各等级葡萄酒的相关性;利用逐步判别分析方法找到对贺兰山东麓红葡萄酒分级影响最为重要的因子,并初步建立了等级识别模式。结果表明,葡萄酒的总酚、单宁和总酸等理化参数与葡萄酒等级划分有极显著相关,通过逐步判别分析得到总酚和总酸可以判别葡萄酒的等级。本研究对宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄酒的等级划分客观标准具有一定的拳者价值。     

Influence of oat gum, guar gum and carboxymethyl cellulose on the perception of sweetness and flavour

The influence of three pseudoplastic hydrocolloids, oat gum, guar gum and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on sensory perception of sweetness and flavour was studied in model systems at two viscosity levels. The sweeteners studied were sucrose, fructose and aspartame, the flavour substances ethyl caproate, a-pinene and cinnamic acid. Sweetness was best perceived from oat gum solutions and most weakly from guar gum solutions. The effect of the composition of the thickener on the perception of sweetness was greater than that of viscosity. Reduction of sweetness by hydrocolloids was weaker for aspartame than for fructose or sucrose. In the perception of flavours, both the total length of perception and the time-intensity pattern were more dependent on the model aroma substance than on the thickener. Possible explanations for the differences are discussed.     

The effects of ethanol and glycerol on the body and other sensory characteristics of Riesling wines

The effect of ethanol and glycerol concentration on the body, sweetness, acidity, aroma and flavour intensity, and perceived viscosity and hotness of three Riesling wines was assessed. The ethanol and glycerol contents of the wines were adjusted by addition to give three realistic levels (5.2, 7.2, 10.2 g/L glycerol and 11.6, 12.6 and 13.6 v/v ethanol). The nine treatment combinations (3 glycerol × 3 ethanol) were rated on the above attributes by a panel of trained tasters. Increased alcohol levels resulted in increased perceived hotness in all wines, and in higher body and perceived viscosity in two of the three wines. The effect of increasing glycerol content was less consistent with only one of each of the three wines showing increased viscosity and body. However, the mean viscosity ratings given to wines with 10 g/L glycerol was higher than at 5 g/L at all alcohol levels and for all wines, suggesting that differences in glycerol concentration typically displayed between dry white table wines can affect their perceived viscosity. Neither alcohol nor glycerol consistently affected sweetness, acidity, aroma or flavour intensity. Higher ratings of the abstract term 'body' were most commonly associated with higher ratings of flavour and/or perceived viscosity, suggesting that for the majority of tasters, these two attributes contributed to their interpretation of the term 'body'. Perceived hotness was not an important component of body, while the role of acidity in body perception was taster dependent.     

橡木片浸泡发酵对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质的影响

选用内蒙古乌海地区赤霞珠葡萄品种为原料,采用橡木片浸泡发酵法,酿制赤霞珠干红葡萄酒。通过测定比较发酵期间、发酵结束及陈酿后赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的理化指标并进行感官评定,确定最佳的橡木片添加量,进而提高赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。结果表明,在葡萄醪液中加入1 g/L的天然橡木片进行发酵及陈酿,最终得到的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒色度（2.35）、色调（0.84）、单宁（850.5 mg/L）、总酚（1 254.7 mg/L）均有明显改善且酒体较为稳定,明胶指数和盐酸指数最高分别为194.4 mg/L和195.0 mg/L,其感官评分为83分。因此,添加1 g/L天然橡木片浸泡发酵能改善赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。     

不同砧木对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒花色苷及其抗氧化活性的影响

为研究不同砧木对赤霞珠（CS）干红葡萄酒花色苷及其抗氧化活性的影响,试验以赤霞珠4种砧穗组合（CS/Beta、CS/140Ru、CS/1103P、CS/5BB）所产果实酿造的葡萄酒为试材,测定不同砧穗组合下赤霞珠葡萄酒的花色苷单体组分与含量、其他次生代谢物质含量及葡萄酒抗氧化活性。结果表明,CS/Beta葡萄酒花色苷单体组分最多（8种）,单体总量分别比CS/5BB、CS/1103P、CS/140Ru葡萄酒提高23.11%、31.76%、53.13%,且其香豆酰化比例较高;CS/5BB葡萄酒单体组分为7种,酰化比例较高。CS/Beta葡萄酒的单宁含量比CS/5BB葡萄酒显著提高12.18%（P＜0.05）,CS/Beta与CS/5BB葡萄酒总酚、类黄酮、花色苷、单宁含量均显著高于CS/1103P、CS/140Ru葡萄酒（P＜0.05）;CS/Beta、CS/1103P、CS/5BB葡萄酒色度无显著差异（P＞0.05）,均显著高于CS/140Ru（P＜0.05）;CS/Beta、CS/5BB葡萄酒抗氧化活性均显著高于CS/1103P、CS/140Ru（P＜0.05）。因此,砧木Beta、5BB对于改善赤霞珠葡萄干红葡萄酒品质方面有重要作用,可考虑作为赤霞珠嫁接苗的首选砧木。     

陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄冷冻处理酿酒特性研究

葡萄酒中多酚、单宁等功能性成分主要来源于葡萄果皮中,为提高葡萄酒中的酚类物质含量,改善葡萄酒的口感,试验以陕西泾阳赤霞珠葡萄浆果为原料,分别在-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度下进行冷冻处理葡萄浆果并进行小容器酿酒试验,研究了葡萄原料经冷冻处理后葡萄酒中理化指标的差异变化,以及冷冻处理对葡萄酒感官特性的影响。结果表明：赤霞珠葡萄原料经-20℃和-35℃两种不同温度冷冻处理后,葡萄酒中单宁和总酚物质的含量显著增高,且-20℃冷冻处理后含量最高,其中单宁含量为29.54mg/L,总酚含量为129.71mg/L;葡萄原料经-20℃冷冻处理后,葡萄酒的外观、口感和总体评定显著提高。     

红葡萄酒中单宁分析方法与感官收敛性的关系

研究目的是使用多种分析方法评价红葡萄酒收敛性与单宁浓度之间的相互关系。选择40个红葡萄酒样品,使用不同的分析方法测定单宁含量,包括在280nm处的吸光度、4-二甲基氨基肉桂醛、蛋白质沉淀、间苯三酚反应以及凝胶渗透色谱法,结果显示：红葡萄酒中单宁测定方法与感官收敛性之间存在明显差异。感官收敛性与蛋白质沉淀方法的相关性最大（r^2=0.82）,其次为间苯三酚法（r^2=0.73）和凝胶渗透色谱法（r^2=0.74）,表明蛋白质沉淀法是感官收敛性最有用的分析方法。