Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units with Linear and Non-linear Models

Abstract—This article presents a non-linear programming-based model for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units. The optimal phasor measurement units placement is formulated to minimize the number of phasor measurement units required for full system observability and to maximize the measurement redundancy at all buses in a power system. A sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used for the solution of the proposed model. The existence of power flow and injection measurements, the limited phasor measurement units channel capacity, the lack of communication facilities in substations, and the single phasor measurement units loss are also incorporated into the initial proposed formulation. The non-linear programming model is applied to IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems in MATLAB. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulation results to those obtained by a binary integer programming model also implemented in MATLAB. The comparative study shows that the proposed non-linear programming model yields the same number of phasor measurement units as the binary integer programming model. A remarkable advantage of the non-linear programming against binary integer linear programming is its capability to give more than one optimal solution, each one having the same minimum number of phasor measurement units (same minimum objective value), but at different locations.     

基于多目标进化算法的PMU的优化配置

研究了配置相量测量单元(PMU)后电力系统可观测性的判断方法,以保证电力系统完全可观测为约束条件,以配置PMU数目最小和保证测量量具有最大量测冗余度为目标,建立了PMU最优配置问题的数学模型。这是一个多目标优化问题,需要寻求一组Pareto最优解,应用多目标进化算法求解该问题可以得到多种满足条件的PMU配置可行方案。最后,以IEEE39节点系统为例验证了该方法的合理性。     

电力系统PMU最优配置数字规划算法

随着相量量测装置(PMU)硬件技术的逐渐成熟和高速通信网络的发展,PMU在电力系统中的状态估计、动态监测和稳定控制等方面得到了广泛应用.为达到系统完全可观,在所有的节点上均装设PMU既不可能也没有必要.文中提出一种基于系统拓扑可观性理论的数字规划算法,利用PMU和系统提供的状态信息,最大限度地对网络拓扑约束方程式进行了简化,以配置PMU数目最小为目标,形成了PMU最优配置问题,并采用禁忌搜索算法求解该问题.其突出优点是利用了系统混合测量集数据,即不仅考虑了PMU实测数据,同时计及了可用的潮流数据.在IEEE14节点和IEEE 118节点系统的仿真结果表明,与常规的PMU最优配置算法相比,所提出的数字规划算法可以实现安装较少数量的PMU而整个系统可观的目标.     

基于线性整数规划模型的高适应性PMU配置算法

PMU布点问题需要在满足一定约束的条件下同时优化2个相互冲突的指标：配置PMU的数目(或费用)最少和测量冗余度最高。文章提出基于线性0-1整数规划的模型并用来求解系统正常运行方式下完全可观测的PMU配置方案,还分别给出了线路N-1故障时以及PMU N-1故障时系统仍可观测的PMU配置模型,该模型不仅考虑了PMU实测数据,还计及了可用的潮流数据和零注入节点。文章通过将零注入节点转化为潮流已知线路巧妙地回避了模型的非线性问题。通过对IEEE测试系统和浙江电网进行仿真,验证了所提方法的有效性和灵活性。     

Multi‐objective PMU placement optimization considering the placement cost including the current channel allocation and state estimation accuracy

The optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement problem in power systems has been considered and investigated by many researchers for accurate and fast state estimation by PMUs. However, the current channel cost of the PMU affects the total placement cost. This paper proposes a novel formulation in the multi‐objective optimal PMU placement, which minimizes the PMU placement cost with the current channel selection and the state estimation error. The current channel selection is represented as a decision variable in the optimization. For trade‐off objective functions, the Pareto approach by nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II) is applied in the optimization. The result of the numerical experiment in this paper demonstrates the advantage of considering the appropriate PMU current channel allocation, compared with the conventional method that ignores it, in the modified IEEE New England 39‐bus test system. As a result, the proposed method obtained a better Pareto solution compared with the conventional one because of the consideration for the current channel selection. An advantage of the proposed PMU placement is that it is able to reduce the total PMU placement cost while maintaining the state estimation accuracy.     

基于改进自适应遗传算法的系统可观测PMU最优配置

以电力系统配置同步相量测量单元（PMU）个数最少、系统有最大测量冗余度为目标,全网可观测为约束,提出PMU最优配置模型,同时针对实际电网中存在某些重要节点已经初步安装PMU或者必须安装PMU的情况,提出了特殊约束条件,并给出了相应的求解算法。在此基础上,用改进自适应遗传算法求解此模型,保证全局最优。对某省49节点电网进行的计算表明,改进的自适应遗传算法收敛到全局最优解的概率优于传统的遗传算法和自适应遗传算法,更适用于工程实际。     

用免疫BPSO算法和N-1原则多目标优化配置PMU

为了在满足全网的完全可观测的前提下实现PMU安装投入的性价比最高,通过理论分析得出判断电网节点拓扑可观测的依据,并提出以N-1可靠性检验原则对PMU配置方案进行冗余性检验,由此以全网完全可观测、PMU数目最少和N-1量测冗余度最高为目标建立了PMU多目标优化配置数学模型,并设计了一种结合免疫系统信息处理机制的二进制粒子群优化算法对模型进行求解。该算法综合了粒子群优化算法简单快速和免疫系统种群多样性的优点,明显改善了进化后期算法的收敛性能和全局寻优能力。对新英格兰39母线系统进行PMU多目标优化配置仿真及量测冗余性分析的结果表明,该法对PMU配置方案的量测可靠性及其所需PMU数量进行综合评价可方便快捷地得到性价比最优的方案,较之普通的PMU单目标优化配置方法更为合理和灵活。     

Fault Location Observability Using Phasor Measurement Units in a Power Network Through Deterministic and Stochastic Algorithms

This article studies deterministic and stochastic algorithms for placing minimum number of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in a power system in order to locate any fault in the power system. The optimization problem is initially formulated in a mixed integer linear programing framework with binary-valued variables as well as in a binary integer linear programing model. Then, the optimization problem is formulated as an equivalent non-linear programing model, minimizing a quadratic objective function subject to equality non-linear constraints defined over a bounded and closed set. The problem is solved by using a Sequential Quadratic Programming algorithm. The non-linear program is illustrated with a 7-bus test system. Also, stochastic algorithms such as binary-coded genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization have been implemented in solving the optimal PMU placement under fault condition. The accuracy of suggested algorithms is independent from the fault type and its resistance. The optimization models are applied to the IEEE systems. The numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithms locate minimizers at the optimal objective function value in complete agreement with those obtained by branch-and-bound algorithms.     

计及系统可观测性的网络化简与黑启动分区方案制定

基于相量测量单元的广域相量测量系统能够实时反映电网的动态变化,其测量信息的实时性将有助于系统恢复安全快速进行,为大停电后的系统恢复带来新的机遇。首先,将黑启动分区方案优化问题和广域相量测量系统结合起来,建立了考虑系统可观测性的黑启动分区整数线性规划模型。该模型除满足分区功率平衡、分区连通性、特殊支路开断约束以及分区最小规模限制这些基本约束外,还将全网可观测和联络节点可观测2种可观性要求分别转化成线性约束纳入其中。其次,利用可观测度为0以及部分可观测度为1的节点对拓扑图进行简化,降低了优化模型决策空间的规模,进而提高了计算效率。IEEE 118系统算例结果验证了所提模型和系统简化方法的有效性,同时也进一步表明模型的可扩展性。     

基于混合量测的电力系统状态估计混合算法

研究了相量量测装置(PMU)相量量测和监控与数据采集(SCADA)量测混合使用时的数据匹配问题,提出了利用状态量转换预测得到预报系统状态和预报节点注入电流向量的方法。在此基础上,提出了应用PMU实时相量量测和预报节点注入电流向量的线性静态状态估计算法,以及应用PMU实时相量量测和预报系统状态的线性动态状态估计算法。文中将这2种算法与传统状态估计算法相结合,组成了状态估计混合算法,保证了状态估计的计算精度。该混合算法有效减少了状态估计的计算时间,对PMU的量测配置也没有严格的要求,具有很好的通用性。最后采用IEEE30节点系统对该方法进行了验证。     

A Novel Topological Genetic Algorithm-Based Phasor Measurement Unit Placement and Scheduling Methodology for Enhanced State Estimation

Phasor measurement units are emerging as a potential tool for on-line power system state estimation. Incorporation of phasor measurement units to the existing power system's monitoring system is impeded by various physical and economic constraints. This article proposes a novel topological genetic algorithm for optimal placement of phasor measurement units along with existing conventional measurement units such that state estimation can be achieved with enhanced accuracy and immunity against power grid contingencies. The proposed algorithm optimally places phasor measurement units so that complete observability of the power system is achieved through them and enhanced redundancy in measurement can be accomplished through conventional measurement units. Since practical phasor measurement unit placements are accomplished in multiple horizons, intelligent sorting and phase optimization methodologies have been presented to attain maximum observability during phasing periods. Placement of phasor measurement units with multiple channel limits has also been studied in this article. The efficacy of the proposed topological genetic algorithm for optimizing the number of phasor measurement units and enhancing state estimation under various operating conditions has been validated through extensive simulation studies conducted in IEEE standard bus systems. Practical case studies have been performed in the western and southern region Indian power grids.     

Optimal placement of PMUs with limited number of channels for complete topological observability of power systems under various contingencies

In optimal PMU placement problem, a common assumption is that each PMU installed at a bus can measure the voltage phasor of the installed bus and the current phasors of all lines incident to the bus. However, available PMUs have limited number of channels and cannot measure the current phasors of all their incident lines. The aim of this paper is to recognize the effect of channel capacity of PMUs on their optimal placement for complete power system observability. Initially, the conventional full observability of power networks is formulated. Next, a modified algorithm based on integer linear programming model for the optimal placement of these types of PMUs is presented. The proposed formulation is also extended for assuring complete observability under different contingencies such as single PMU loss and single line outage. Moreover, the problem of combination of PMUs with different number of channels and varying costs in optimal PMU placement is investigated. Since the proposed optimization formulation is regarded to be a multiple-solution one, total measurement redundancy index is evaluated and the solution with the highest redundancy index is selected as the optimal solution. The proposed formulation is applied to several IEEE standard test systems and compared with the existing techniques.     

基于相量量测的电力系统线性状态估计

分析了相量量测装置的量测误差情况,指出了相量量测参与状态估计计算的必要性。在完全使用相量量测的情况下,给出了基于直角坐标系的实数形式的电力系统线性量测方程和相应的线性静态状态估计算法。对负荷预报加潮流计算的系统状态预报方法进行改进,通过对误差协方差阵计算公式的推导与简化,提出了新的预报误差协方差阵计算公式,并将其与线性量测方程相结合,提出了基于相量量测的线性动态状态估计算法。最后讨论了线性状态估计算法的使用条件,并采用IEEE30节点系统对提出的算法进行了验证。     

基于广域测量系统的状态估计研究综述

广域测量系统（WAMS）的逐步发展给电力系统在线分析方法提供了一个新思路。针对WAMS测量精度高、具有同步相量测量功能以及数据传输快等特点，分别从引入高精度节点电压相量量测的状态估计算法、引入高精度支路电流相量量测的算法、引入全部WAMS量测的算法以及其他与WAMS状态估计相关的问题等4个方面，介绍了目前引入WAMS量测的各种状态估计算法；并详细分析了各种算法的优缺点和适用范围，从工程应用出发研究其可行性，对部分算法给出了改进措施。讨论了WAMS的不良数据检测与辨识问题、相量测量装置（PMU）的最优配置问题以及基于PMU的动态状态估计和谐波状态估计等与WAMS状态估计相关的其他问题。     

A novel hybrid state estimator for including synchronized phasor measurements

State estimator is crucial for on-line power system monitoring, analysis and control. With the increasing use of synchronized phasor measurement units (PMU) in power grids, how to utilize phasor measurements to improve the precision of state estimator becomes imperative. Since there are lots of traditional measurements in SCADA system and it is hard for phasor measurements to replace them in the near future, the best way is to develop hybrid state estimator which includes both phasor and traditional measurements to get better behavior. In this paper, a novel state estimator for including voltage phasors, branch current phasors and traditional measurements is proposed. The detailed model and how to calculate covariance matrix of PMU measurements are described in detail. New England 39-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system are used as test systems and the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed state estimation algorithm improves the precision greatly and gets better behavior as compared with other state estimators with or without phasor measurements.     

电力系统中PMU最优配置的研究

针对确定配置同步相量测量单元(PMU)的最小数目和最佳位置以达到最大的网络结构可观测性的PMU最优配置问题,提出了一种最小生成树(MST)算法,在深度优先搜索(DFS)算法的基础上提出了一种新的寻优规则,从而提高了解的质量和求解速度。该算法克服了DFS算法收敛性差和模拟退火(SA)算法收敛速度慢的缺点。算例仿真证明了利用MST算法求解PMU最优配置问题能使解的质量与求解效率达到很好的平衡,同时也可提高最优解的多样性。     

基于奇异值分解的电力系统谐波状态估计

用传统最小二乘法及其改进方法进行谐波状态估计时,大都是对谐波进行非同步测量,然后求解一个大型的超定线性方程组,其估计精度不足、计算量大、状态量测量数目多且费用昂贵。提出一种基于同步相量测量的谐波状态估计,并用复数奇异值分解求解病态线性复变量方程组的方法,可在系统状态非完全可观的情况下进行有效估计,降低了对测量冗余的要求。以IEEE30节点系统为例,采用同步测量方法测量支路的谐波电流和节点的谐波电压,分别用Matlab和基于奇异值分解(SVD)的最小二乘估计程序进行仿真。结果表明,用SVD算法对系统进行谐波状态估计时较为准确。     

使用PMU数据检测持续振荡的多延迟自相干方法

电力系统的振荡通常预示着稳定性问题并引起对系统稳定的疑虑.为了能够及时采取有效的补救措施,早期阶段的振荡检测非常重要.以前的文章提出了使用相量测量单元(phasor measurement unit, PMU)数据来检测持续振荡的自相干方法.通过引入多个时延来扩展自相干方法,以提高振荡检测精度.使用由简单模型和标准16 机68 节点模型生成的仿真数据来评估所提出的方法的性能.测试表明所提出的多延迟方法可以有效提高振荡检测的精度.     

电力系统相量测量装置最优配置混合算法的研究

以电力系统状态完全可观测和相量测量装置(PMU)配置数目最小为目标,形成了PMU最优配置问题。将遗传算法和禁忌算法有效结合形成禁忌遗传算法,该算法在改进交叉和变异算子的基础上,继承和发展了遗传算法基于多点搜索、鲁棒性强等诸多优点,每当群体有出现早熟而陷入局部最优解的趋势时,利用禁忌搜索增强算法的爬山能力,避免算法早熟而陷入局部最优解,增强算法的全局收敛能力和收敛速度。与遗传算法和禁忌搜索方法相比,禁忌遗传算法具有更好的全局收敛能力和收敛速度。最后采用IEEE14,IEEE30和IEEE57节点系统对算法的有效性进行了验证。     

Fault Detection and Localization Methodology for Self-healing in Smart Power Grids Incorporating Phasor Measurement Units

Recent developments in several fields of engineering have accelerated the evolution of smart power grids encompassing both transmission and distribution systems across the globe. Self-healing, a crucial operational function of a smart power grid, requires detection as well as localization of the transmission line faults in the power network in real time. A support vector machine based fault-localization methodology has been proposed to accurately detect and localize any type of transmission line faults for the entire smart power grid. This methodology identifies the transmission line fault in smart power grid and precisely pinpoints the bus to which the faulty branch is connected. Afterward, the faulty branch is discriminated, and the distance of fault location from the bus related to the fault is estimated. The methodology relies on frequency-domain analysis of the equivalent voltage phasor angle and equivalent current phasor angle using fast Fourier transform. The proposed methodology has been corroborated using extensive case studies conducted on 7- and 13-bus power systems. The major contribution of the proposed methodology is that it can identify and localize all types of transmission line faults using phasor measurement unit measurements. The methodology can be applied for transmission systems as well as distribution systems.