Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Silk and Cotton Textiles Using Combination of Three Natural Colorants

Silk and cotton fabrics were dyed with combination of three colorants extracted from Acacia catechu (AC), Alkanna tinctoria (AT), and Curcuma Longa (CL) in nine different formulations at 80°C by exhaustion method without mordanting. Dyed samples were evaluated for color value and washing fastness. The biodegradability of dye bath effluent was assessed by measuring the pH, TDS and COD of the residual dye bath liquor. It is inferred that the final color of dyed fabrics from each formulation is governed by the dominant natural dye in the dyeing combination. K/S values inferred that the exhaustion of natural dye is higher in silk fabric than cotton fabric in all formulations. It could be concluded that in the dyeing combination, colorant that have very good affinity towards the functional groups of fibers, itself acts as mordant for other natural colorants.     

Dyeing of Cationized Cotton with Natural Colorant from Purple Corncob

In this investigation, dyeing of cotton fabric with natural dye extracted from purple corncob was attempted by means of pretreatment with a cationic agent, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimenthylammonium chloride (CHTAC). Maximum color yield results were achieved when the fabric was pretreated with CHTAC at a concentration of 125 g/L, followed by dyeing at 100°C for 30 min in a dye bath adjusted to pH 9. The influence of meta- and post-mordanting with AlK(SO₄)₂, CuSO₄, FeSO₄, and gallnut was subsequently explored. Compared with the unmordanted sample, post-mordanting enhanced K/S values and slightly improved light fastness, but both meta- and post-mordanting caused a reduction in wash fastness from an excellent to a fair level, with the exception of CuSO₄. Meanwhile, mordanting with gallnut increased the acid and alkaline perspiration fastness from a poor and fair to a good level.     

Dyeing Properties of Natural Dyes Extracted from the Junipers Leaves (J. excelsa Bieb. and J. oxycedrus L.)

In this paper, two natural dyes were extracted from Junipers leaves (Juniperus oxycedrus L. and Juniperus excelsa Bieb.). Wool yarn (for carpet) was dyed with the extract using ferrous (II) sulfate, potassium dichromate and sodium sulfate as mordant. Then, CIELab (L*, a*, b*, c,* and h) values, color differences (ΔE) and color strength (K/S) values of dyed wool yarns were examined and the fastness properties of dyed wool against dry and wet rubbing were evaluated. According to the experimental results, the use of mordant increased the color strength of dye goods. All mordant increased the rub fastness of dyed samples such as similar scientific studies previously. Compared to two junipers, dyeing samples of J. excelsa are dyed darker than that of J. oxycedrus.     

葡萄皮天然染料在鲜茧丝织物染色中的应用

为开发高档鲜茧丝织物染色产品,研究了葡萄皮天然染料在鲜茧丝织物染色中的应用。首先分析染料稳定性,然后从染色方法、温度、染浴pH值等方面优化染色工艺,探讨了媒染剂种类对颜色特征值的影响,最后测试色牢度及抗紫外性能。结果表明:葡萄皮天然染料热稳定性良好,酸性条件下稳定,碱性条件下颜色变深。适宜的染色方法为后媒染法,最优染色工艺:染浴pH值8,元明粉10 g/L,90℃保温60 min;后媒染工艺:硫酸亚铁5%,柠檬酸1 g/L,60℃保温30 min。媒染剂可丰富染色鲜茧丝织物色谱;染色鲜茧丝织物耐皂洗、耐摩擦色牢度可达3级以上,抗紫外性能良好。     

亚麻棉涂料浸染工艺研究(上)

对亚麻棉织物用涂料浸染方法进行工艺研究,选用了阳离子处理剂Hoe DP Fixer2LC和阳离子处理剂K2—76K对织物进行前处理,以改变纤维表面的带电性能,来吸附涂料粒子上染,对其上染性能、染色牢度、手感等性能进行研究。     

Identification of Irradiated Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) Using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy and Estimation of Applied Dose Using Re-irradiation: Results of an In-House Blind Trial

An in-house blind trial on Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) was carried out in which 72 coded samples were correctly identified. The samples were either left unirradiated or had been given doses of 1·03, 2·39 or 3·40 kGy and stored for 0, 7 or 14 days at 1°C. Using re-irradiation, the doses received by the samples identified as irradiated were determined with either linear, quadratic or asymptotic equations being fitted to the data. The most successful estimates of absorbed dose were obtained using a quadratic fit, with average values of 1·71, 2·98 and 3·45 kGy being calculated. © 1997 SCI.     

环保型印染助剂发展方向探讨(上)

印染助剂是纺织品生产必需的化学品之一。我国是纺织品生产大国,并正在为提高纺织品附加价值而努力,研究和开发新的印染助剂是一个重要的途径。开发环保型印染助剂,与开发节约型和创新型印染助剂同为发展目标,同时也顺应当前消费和出口需要。文章提出国内外开发的一些助剂品种．并提出如何正确认识某些生态纺织品环保法规。     

不同方法提取广佛手膳食纤维性质的比较分析

以广佛手为原料，探究热水提取法（H）、高温蒸煮辅助热水浸提法（HTH）、超微粉碎辅助热水浸提法（UMH）、复合酶解法（E）、高温蒸煮辅助复合酶解法（HTE）和超微粉碎辅助复合酶解法（UME）六种方法对其膳食纤维性质的影响。结果表明：H-TDF的纯度（82.49 g/100 g）最高；E-TDF（59.15%）、UMH-IDF（48.45%）和HTE-SDF（23.68%）得率最高；结构方面，六种IDF和SDF均具有多糖特征结构，均为典型纤维素I型结构，均具有相似的表面结构；除H-SDF外，其余SDF的大分子量组分降解。理化性质方面，HTE-IDF的持水力（8.37 g/g）、持油力（2.11 g/g）、阳离子交换能力（0.24 mol/g）最高，而E-IDF的膨胀力（9.89 mL/g）最高；E-SDF的持水力（9.69 g/g）、膨胀力（7.42 mL/g）最高，UME-SDF的持油力（13.76 g/g）最高，E-SDF的阳离子交换能力（0.31 mol/g）最高。对于亚硝酸盐吸附能力，pH值2时UMH-IDF（7.28 mg/g）和H-SDF（3.80 mg/g）最高，pH值7时HTH-IDF（12.87 mg/g）和UME-SDF（1.55 mg/g）最高。综合分析，高温蒸煮辅助复合酶解法总体优于其他方法，且SDF得率最高，可推广应用。     

Dyeing of silk fabric with natural dyes extracted from cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) and gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier)

Silk fabric samples were mordanted with alum [KAl(SO₄)₂.12H₂O]. Then, the samples were dyed with cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) and gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier) shellac extracts. Optimum dyeing parameters were determined by using different concentrations of these natural colorants. All the dyed samples were cut into two equal pieces. One group of the parts were post-mordanted with FeSO₄. A reserved-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with the diode-array detection (DAD) method was utilized for the identification of the components of dyes present in the all dyed and post-mordanted samples. The color coordinates and fastness values of washing, perspiration, rubbing, and light were investigated and compared with each other. Using a mixture of these natural dyes enhanced the exhaustion of the dye and good color fastness test results were achieved.     

Dyeing,fastness, and cytotoxic properties,and phenolic constituents of Anthemis tinctoria var. tinctoria (Asteraceae)

The present study focused on dyeing, fastness, cytotoxic properties, and phenolic constituents of various types of fabrics including viscose, cotton, wool, and polyester-viscose blended fabrics with different parts of Anthemis tinctoria var. tinctoria. Comparative study was carried out between ethanol and aqueous extracts of stem, flower, and root of the plant in terms of phenolic constituents, cytotoxic activity, and dyeing properties. It was found that the quantity of phenolic constituents of ethanol and aqueous extracts was quite different. All parts of the plant extract show 0% cytotoxicity except ethanol extract of the root. All the extracts exhibit better cytotoxic activity than the standard cancer drug 5-Florouracil. Ethanol and water extracts of A. tinctoria var. tinctoria plant were used to dye fabrics, but only the water extract displayed dyeing properties. Best color strength value (K/S = 9.19) was obtained with aqueous extract of the stem in the presence of alum mordant for cotton fabrics.     

AB-8型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化了哥王总黄酮

通过考察各种因素对树脂吸附和洗脱效果的影响,确定AB-8型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化了哥王总黄酮的最佳工艺参数。最佳工艺参数为上样液浓度1.5 mg/mL、上样液流速2 BV/h、上样液pH 5.4、洗脱液浓度70%乙醇、洗脱液流速1 BV/h和洗脱液用量为80 mL,分离纯化后的总黄酮产品纯度可达20.60%。     

Free radical scavenging, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activities of an active antioxidant compound ethyl gallate from leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex. Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan

Abstract: In the present study, free radical scavenging, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activities of the polyphenolic compound ethyl gallate isolated from ethanol extract of Acacia nilotica Wild. Ex. Del. leaves were determined. The free radical‐scavenging activities of the ethyl gallate were demonstrated in several in vitro assays in order to evaluate the possible antioxidant mechanism. The results revealed ethyl gallate as hydrogen donor, metal chelator, and free radical scavenger. Ethyl gallate was effective in scavenging 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and the IC₅₀ value was lower than all the positive controls used in this study. Deoxyribose degradation assay revealed that ethyl gallate had more iron‐chelating ability than the direct hydroxyl radical‐scavenging ability. The results of the cytotoxic study revealed that the compound was moderately active and IC₅₀ value was found to be >100 μg/mL for Vero cell lines and 72 μg/mL for Hela cell lines. The compound possessed no hemolytic activity against rat and human erythrocytes revealing its cytotoxic mechanism and nontoxicity. The results from this work will provide an important information for the food and pharmacological industries with respect to the use of the compound as an antioxidant and a health‐related drug. Practical Application: Antioxidant from plant sources is safe to use, as compared to synthetic products. It also can be used as a supplement to alleviate most of the diseases because of its free radical‐scavenging activity.     

Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Starch Composites. A Key for Improving Sizeability and Desizeability of Starch from Cotton Textiles

Maize and rice starches were independently polymerized with acrylic acid (AA) using potassium permanganate/citric acid initiation system. The dependence of total conversion (grafting and homopolymerization) on AA, potassium permanganate and citric acid concentrations, time and temperature of polymerization and rate of stirring were studied. Based on the results appropriate conditions for preparation of poly(AA)-starch composites were established. While the total conversion increased by increasing AA concentration from 10% to 30%, based on weight of starch (ows), maximum total conversion occured upon using 0,2% potassium permanganate along with 0.025% citric acid, ows, for 10 min at 40°C and stirring rate of 300 r. p. m. It was further disclosed that: (a) the total conversion for maize starch is higher than rice starch, (b) the apparent viscosity of the composite increases by increasing AA concentration from 10% to 30% and polymerization temperature from 30°C to 50°C, (c) for 10% AA concentration the composite consists of 97.67 starch and 2.33% poly-(AA) of which 1.36% is grafted whereas for 30% AA concentration the composite consists of 79.3% starch and 20.7% poly(AA) of which 3.2% is grafted, (d) the sizeability of native starches is considerably improved after polymerization with AA and (e) size removal from cotton fabric with the composites to ca. 80% while wize removal from cotton fabric sized with native starches amounts to ca. 20%.     

锦橙皮渣膳食纤维微粉化及其功能特性分析

以锦橙果汁加工副产物锦橙皮渣为原料制备锦橙皮渣膳食纤维,通过普通粉碎和球磨法微细化处理,得到不同粒径大小的锦橙皮渣膳食纤维微粉和超微粉,测定其理化性质和重金属离子结合力,并利用激光粒度仪、红外光谱、X射线衍射、热分析、扫描电镜对不同锦橙皮渣膳食纤维粉进行粒径测定和结构观察,探究超微粉碎对锦橙皮渣膳食纤维理化性质、微观结构及重金属离子吸附能力的影响。结果表明,球磨微细化处理后膳食纤维的粒径减小;粉体的持水性、持油性、溶胀性、重金属离子结合力显著升高（P＜0.05）,色泽变浅。本实验为锦橙皮渣的综合利用以及作为一种潜在食品添加剂资源提供理论参考。     

AB-8大孔吸附树脂精制芦柑皮总黄酮及黄酮类化合物的分离

目的：研究AB-8大孔吸附树脂精制芦柑皮总黄酮的工艺条件及芦柑皮黄酮类化合物的分离纯化。方法：采用AB-8大孔吸附树脂动态法精制芦柑皮总黄酮,考察上样液总黄酮质量浓度、pH值、上样流速、洗脱液乙醇体积分数对吸附解吸性能的影响;然后将精制的芦柑皮总黄酮经硅胶柱层析、半制备高效液相等技术进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化学结构。结果：AB-8大孔树脂精制芦柑皮总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为上样液总黄酮质量浓度3.03 mg/mL、上样液pH 3.0、上样流速3.0 BV/h、洗脱液乙醇体积分数为90%,最优条件下可使芦柑皮总黄酮的纯度从17.8%提高到63.1%;此外,从精制的芦柑皮黄酮中分离到8 个黄酮类化合物,分别鉴定为：橘皮素、川陈皮素、4’,5,7,8-四甲氧基黄酮、5-去甲基-橘皮素、橙黄酮、橙浸膏、柚皮苷、橙皮苷。结论：AB-8大孔树脂能很好地富集纯化芦柑皮总黄酮,该法简单、可行;从精制的芦柑皮黄酮中分离到8 个黄酮类化合物,其中,4’,5,7,8-四甲氧基黄酮、5-去甲基-橘皮素、橙浸膏、柚皮苷、橙皮苷首次从芦柑皮中分得。     

Silk Degumming and Utilization of Silk Sericin by Hydrolysis Using Alkaline Protease from Beauveria Sp. (MTCC 5184): A Green Approach

Conventionally, degumming is carried out at 90°C--110°C temperature by boiling the raw silk with Marseilles soap and sodium bicarbonate which eventually requires a lot of water and energy. In this study, degumming of Chinese bivoltine raw silk fibres with alkaline protease produced by Beauveria sp. (MTCC 5184) is studied. Complete degumming was obtained in 45 min with 75 units of enzyme per gram of silk. Degumming was found to be optimal at 50°C and pH 9.0. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the sericin deposits were removed and the obtained fibres were clean, separated, had smooth feel with shine as compared to untreated fibres. Sericin isolated from silk cocoon (by-product which goes waste) was hydrolyzed with the same alkaline protease obtained from Beauveria sp. to get small molecular weight peptides. These peptides can be utilized further for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and various industrial applications.     

表面活性剂增敏差分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定食品中痕量镉

实验证明:一定条件下。玻碳汞膜电极作为工作电极,有适量CTAB的存在,用D.P.A.S.V法测痕量金属镉的增敏效果可达10倍以上。此法已成功应用于测定食品中的痕量镉。     

Detection of E. coli O157:H7 from Ground Beef Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Abstract: FT-IR spectroscopy methods for detection, differentiation, and quantification of E. coli O157:H7 strains separated from ground beef were developed. Filtration and immunomagnetic separation (IMS) were used to extract live and dead E. coli O157:H7 cells from contaminated ground beef prior to spectral acquisition. Spectra were analyzed using chemometric techniques in OPUS, TQ Analyst, and WinDAS software programs. Standard plate counts were used for development and validation of spectral analyses. The detection limit based on a selectivity value using the OPUS ident test was 10⁵ CFU/g for both Filtration-FT-IR and IMS-FT-IR methods. Experiments using ground beef inoculated with fewer cells (10¹ to 10² CFU/g) reached the detection limit at 6 h incubation. Partial least squares (PLS) models with cross validation were used to establish relationships between plate counts and FT-IR spectra. Better PLS predictions were obtained for quantifying live E. coli O157:H7 strains (R²≥ 0.9955, RMSEE ≤ 0.17, RPD ≥ 14) and different ratios of live and dead E. coli O157:H7 cells (R²= 0.9945, RMSEE = 2.75, RPD = 13.43) from ground beef using Filtration-FT-IR than IMS-FT-IR methods. Discriminant analysis and canonical variate analysis (CVA) of the spectra differentiated various strains of E. coli O157:H7 from an apathogenic control strain. CVA also separated spectra of 100% dead cells separated from ground beef from spectra of 0.5% live cells in the presence of 99.5% dead cells of E. coli O157:H7. These combined separation and FT-IR methods could be useful for rapid detection and differentiation of pathogens in complex foods.