LLC resonant DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of transformer

This paper proposes a zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) LLC resonant step up DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of the transformer. The series resonant inverter in the proposed topology has two power switches (MOSFETs), two resonant capacitors, two resonant inductors, and only one transformer with center‐tapped primary windings. The power switches are connected in the form of a half‐bridge network. Resonant capacitors and inductors along with the primary windings of the transformer form two series resonant circuits. The series resonant circuits are fed alternately by operating the power switches with an interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary winding of transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier circuit to rectify the output voltage. The converter operates within a narrow frequency range below the resonance frequency to achieve ZVS, and its output power is regulated by pulse frequency modulation. The converter has lower conduction and switching losses and therefore higher efficiency. The experimental results of a 500‐W prototype of proposed converter are presented. The results confirm the good operation and performance of the converter. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Series resonant high‐voltage DC–DC converter with reduced component count

This paper proposes a novel zero‐current‐switching series resonant high‐voltage DC–DC converter with reduced component count. The series resonant inverter in the proposed topology has two power switches (insulated‐gate bipolar transistors, IGBTs), two resonant capacitors, and only one high‐voltage transformer (HVT) with center‐tapped primary windings. The power switches are connected in the form of a half‐bridge network. The leakage inductances of the transformer's primary windings together with the resonant capacitors form two series resonant circuits. The series resonant circuits are fed alternately by operating the power switches with interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary winding of the HVT is connected to a bridge rectifier circuit to rectify the secondary voltage. The converter operates in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and its output voltage is regulated by pulse frequency modulation. Therefore, all the power switches turn on and off at the zero‐current switching condition. The main features of the proposed converter are its lower core loss, lower cost, and smaller size compared to previously proposed double series resonant high voltage DC–DC converters. The experimental results of a 130‐W prototype of the proposed converter are presented. The results confirm the excellent operation and performance of the converter. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

适合大电流输入高压输出的软开关直流变换器

首先,提出了一种LLC谐振的软开关直流变换器,其中原边包含4个开关管、2个变压器绕组和1个耦合电容,并利用耦合电容构造了2个变压器绕组同时工作的回路,实现了两者的均流;副边包含2个二极管和2个谐振电容,构成了一个谐振式倍压电路;然后,利用变压器漏感、励磁电感和谐振电容产生LLC谐振来传递能量,各开关管能实现零电流开通,二极管零电流关断,且承受的反向电压为输出电压,关断损耗也很小;最后,分析了电路各阶段的工作原理,推导了电压增益特性,并设计了一款22~28 V输入、360 V输出、额定负载800 W的样机。实验测试结果证明,电路最高效率达到93.5%,同时也证明了电路的有效性。     

Analysis and Experimental Validation of an Interleaved LLC Resonant Converter with Reduced Component Count

This paper presents an interleaved LLC resonant half-bridge DC-DC converter with lesser component count. Unlike most of the conventional interleaved LLC resonant converters, the proposed converter uses only one power transformer having two primary windings and one secondary winding. The primary windings of the transformer are fed in parallel via dual resonant tanks by operating the power switches of half-bridge network with interleaved half-switching cycle. Due to parallel feeding, core magnetization current divides equally between primary windings. Consequently, the effective value of magnetization inductance seen at each primary winding becomes twofold of the measured value. An equivalent circuit of converter is derived to validate this phenomenon. The gain characteristics of the equivalent circuit indicate that the maximum gain of converter occurs at relatively lower switching frequency than the conventional two power transformers-based interleaved LLC converters. Consequently, the proposed converter will have same operational characteristics at half magnetizing inductance. The validity of developed equivalent circuit and operational principle and performance of converter are confirmed by both simulation and experimental results of a 1000-W prototype. The experimental results show that for an input voltage of 400 V, converter has maximum efficiency of 96.24% at output power of 1000 W.     

Double‐Switch Series‐Resonant Cell‐Voltage Equalizer Using a Voltage Multiplier for Series‐Connected Energy Storage Cells

Series connections of energy storage cells, such as lithium‐ion cells and electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), require cell‐voltage equalizers to ensure years of operation. Conventional equalizers require multiple switches, magnetic components, and/or secondary windings of a multiwinding transformer in proportion to the number of series connections, which usually makes them complex, expensive, bulky, and less extendable with increasing series connections. A double‐switch series‐resonant equalizer using a voltage multiplier is proposed in this paper. The double‐switch operation without a multiwinding transformer achieves simplified circuitry and good modularity at reduced size and cost, compared to conventional equalizers. Operational analyses were separately performed for the following two functional parts of the proposed equalizer: a series‐resonant inverter and a voltage multiplier. The mathematical analyses derived a dc‐equivalent circuit of the proposed equalizer, with which simulation analyses of even an hour's duration can be completed in an instant. Simulation analyses were separately performed for both the original and equivalent circuits. The simulation results of the derived circuit correlated well with those of the original circuit, thus verifying the derived dc‐equivalent circuit. A 5‐W prototype of the proposed equalizer was built for eight cells connected in series and an experimental equalization was performed for series‐connected EDLCs from an initially voltage‐imbalanced condition. The voltage imbalance was gradually eliminated over time, and the standard deviation in the cell voltages decreased to approximately 5 mV at the end of the experiment, thus demonstrating the equalization performance of the proposed equalizer.     

Analysis and design of a two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter with parallel‐connected current doubler rectifiers

A new two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter with parallel‐connected current doubler rectifiers (CDRs) is proposed in this paper. The presented DC–DC converter is mainly composed of two active‐clamping forward converters with secondary CDRs. Only two switches are required and each one is the auxiliary switch for the other. The circuit complexity and cost are thus reduced. The leakage inductance of the transformer or an additional resonant inductance is employed to achieve zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) during the dead times. Two CDRs at the secondary side are connected in parallel to reduce the current stresses of the secondary windings and the ripple current at the output side. Accordingly, the smaller output chokes and capacitors decrease the converter volume and increase the power density. Detailed analysis and design of the presented two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with a DC input voltage of 130??180V, an output voltage of 5 V and an output current of 40 A, operating at a switching frequency of 100 kHz. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implementation of an interleaved pulse‐width modulation converter for renewable energy conversion

This paper presents an interleaved soft switching converter to achieve the features of zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on for power switches, zero current switching turn‐off for rectifier diodes at full load, less transformer secondary winding with full‐wave diode rectifier topology, and balance primary currents with series connection of the transformer secondary windings. Two circuit modules are adopted in the proposed circuit, and they are operated with an interleaved pulse‐width modulation. Thus, ripple currents at the input and output sides are reduced. In each module, two ZVS converters using the same switches are operated with interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary windings of transformers are connected in series in order to ensure that the primary side currents are balanced. The full‐wave diode rectifier topology is used on the output side such that the voltage stress of rectifier diodes equals output voltage, rather than being two times the output voltage as in a conventional center‐tapped rectifier topology. Laboratory experiments with a 1000‐W prototype are provided to describe the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and Implementation of an Interleaved ZVS Converter with High Input Voltage

An interleaved half‐bridge converter is presented for high input voltage application. The features of the proposed converter are zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on for all active switches, ripple current reduction at output side, load current sharing and load voltage regulation. Two half‐bridge converters connected in series and two split capacitors are used to limit the voltage stress of each power switch at one‐half of input DC bus voltage. Thus, active switches with low voltage stress can be used at high input voltage application. On the other hand, the output sides of two half‐bridge converters are connected in parallel to share the load current and reduce the current stresses of the secondary windings and the rectifier diodes. Since two half‐bridge converters are operated with interleaved pulse‐width modulation (PWM), the output ripple current can partially cancel each other such that the resultant ripple current at output side is reduced and the size of output inductors can be reduced. In each half‐bridge converter, asymmetrical PWM scheme is used to regulate the output voltage. Based on the resonant behavior by the output capacitance of MOSFETs and the leakage inductance (or external inductance) of transformers, active switches can be turned on at ZVS during the transition interval. Thus, the switching losses of power MOSFETs are reduced. The proposed converter can be applied for high input voltage applications such as three‐phase 380‐V utility system. Finally, experiments based on a laboratory prototype with 960‐W rated power are provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed converter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-isolated high step-up dual-input DC-DC converter with zero-voltage transition

In this paper, a non-isolated dual-input DC-DC converter with zero-voltage transition (ZVT) is proposed for renewable energy systems. The proposed converter has high step-up conversion gain without using any transformer or coupled inductors. The proposed structure consists of two boost cells, one diode-capacitor multiplier cell, and one ZVT auxiliary circuit. The main switches turn on and off under zero voltage condition and the auxiliary switch turns on under zero current condition and turns off under zero current and zero voltage conditions. Soft switching conditions, high efficiency, continuous current of input sources, low-voltage stress on switches, and returning the energy of the auxiliary circuit to the boost cell connected to the lower-voltage input are the main advantages of the proposed converter. The steady-state analysis of the converter and operation intervals are discussed. A 160-W prototype of the proposed converter is designed and implemented. Experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis. The efficiency reaches 96.7% at the nominal load by providing soft-switching for all switches. The proposed topology can be extended for multi-input applications by expanding the number of diode-capacitor multiplier and input boost cells.     

Soft switching DC/DC converter with high voltage gain and less current ripple

A new soft switching three‐level converter with two DC/DC circuits in the primary side and current double rectifiers in the secondary side is presented to realize the zero‐voltage switching operation, reduce the transformer secondary winding turns and the output current ripple, and lessen the voltage rating of rectifier diodes. Two DC/DC pulse‐width modulation circuits sharing same power switches with interleaved half switching cycle are adopted in the proposed converter to reduce the current rating of transformer primary windings. Two inductors and four diodes are adopted in the secondary side to achieve current double rectifier, reduce output ripple current, and decrease the transformer secondary winding turns. Based on the pulse‐width modulation scheme, the power switchers can be turned on at zero‐voltage switching operation. Laboratory experiments with a 1.44 kW prototype are provided to verify the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对称控制全桥谐振PWM软开关变换器

针对传统对称控制全桥变换器不能实现软开关而导致变换器效率较低的现状,提出了对称控制全桥谐振PWM(FB-RPWM)变换器,详细分析了FB-RPWM变换器的工作模式及其稳态特性。分析结果表明:FB-RPWM变换器虽然采用对称控制,却仍在全负载范围内实现了所有桥臂开关管的零电压开通(ZVS)和输出二极管的零电流关断(ZCS),且其输入输出电压传输比与负载、开关频率和占空比无关,呈现出直-直变压器(DCX)的工作特性。与移相全桥(PSFB)变换器相比,FB-RPWM变换器减小了两个开关管的关断电流,且变压器一次侧采用隔直电容,实现了励磁电感电流的零直流偏量,降低了变压器损耗,进一步提高了变换器的效率。最后,搭建了一台400V输入、50V/10A输出的实验装置,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

具有高增益的双相直流变换器设计

为了获得较高的电压增益,减小开关管的电压、电流应力,将2个中间储能电容与传统双相BOOST升压电路相结合,研究了一种具有高电压增益的新型双相BOOST电路拓扑。该电路具有以下明显的特点:在相同占空比的情况下能有效提高变换器升压增益,可实现更大的功率变换;主开关管和所增加二极管的电压应力只有输出电压的一半,因此对相同功率级的升压电路,不仅可以选择低耐压、高性能的开关器件,而且可以降低电路的损耗。详细分析了新型双相BOOST变换器的工作原理,制作了1台额定功率为1kW原理样机,通过实验验证了理论分析的正确性和可行性。结果表明,所提出的新型双相BOOST变换器性能优良,结构简单,具有实用价值。     

HVDC transmission system using multilevel power converters based on dual three-phase two-level inverters

Multilevel converters are now an attractive solution for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) electrical energy transmission systems. Unlike the well-known two-level voltage source converters, multilevel converters use 3 or more voltage levels or steps per leg to modulate the ac voltages, decreasing voltage distortion and reducing electromagnetic interference. This work presents a HVDC transmission system based on a new multilevel structure using a dual two-level converter topology. This structure attains multilevel operation and advantages using two well known three-phase voltage source two-level inverters connected to one three-phase open windings transformer. The proposed dual converter structure has two independent dc links allowing each inverter to process half of the total power. This arrangement is fitted with a control system designed to control the active and reactive power towards their specific set point values, while balancing the voltages of the two dc link capacitors in real time. Obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed HVDC transmission system.     

基于单谐振支路的多电平均压型DC-DC变换器

提出一种基于单谐振支路的多电平均压型DC-DC变换器通用型拓扑及其简化拓扑。在该拓扑结构的基础上,给出顺序控制和循环控制两种控制策略,并分别对这两种控制策略下的变换器工作原理进行分析。所提出的拓扑结构具有单谐振支路、开关器件少、控制策略简单的优点,并且所有开关器件均可以实现零电流开关,所有直流支撑电容均可以实现电压自平衡。最后,通过实验验证了上述拓扑及其控制策略的正确性和有效性。     

加钳位二极管的零电压全桥变换器改进研究

移相控制零电压开关脉宽调制(PWM)全桥变换器利用变压器的漏感和开关管的结电容可以实现开关管的零电压开关。为了消除输出整流管的电压尖峰,可以在原边加入一个谐振电感和两个钳位二极管。文中将谐振电感和变压器交换位置,使变压器与滞后桥臂相连,这样钳位二极管在一个开关周期中只导通一次,同时零状态时谐振电感电流较小,有利于提高变换效率和减小占空比丢失。分析了改进后变换器的工作原理,并将改进前后进行对比,讨论了隔直电容在不同位置对变换器工作的影响,以确定一种最佳方案。最后进行实验验证,并给出了实验结果。     

ZVS DC/DC converter with series half‐bridge legs for high voltage application

This paper presents a new DC/DC converter with series half‐bridge legs for high voltage application. Two half‐bridge legs connected in series and two split capacitors are used in the proposed circuit to limit the voltage stress of each active switch at one‐half of input voltage. Thus, active switches with low voltage stress can be used at high DC bus application. In the proposed converter, two circuit modules are operated with an interleaved pulse‐width modulation scheme to reduce the input and output ripple currents and to achieve load current sharing. In each circuit module, two resonant tanks are operated with phase‐shift one‐half of switching cycle such that the frequency of the input current is twice the frequency of the resonant inductor current. Based on the resonant behavior, all MOSFETs are turned on at zero voltage switching with the wide ranges of input voltage and load conditions. The rectifier diodes can be turned off at zero current switching if the switching frequency is less than the series resonant frequency. Thus, the switching losses on power semiconductors are reduced. The proposed converter can be applied for high input voltage applications such as three‐phase 380‐V utility system. Finally, experiments based on a laboratory prototype with 960‐W rated power are provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed converter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于脉冲宽度调制控制策略的零电流开关高功率因数AC/DC变换器

目前，对单级功率因素校正电路的研究大多集中在小功率应用领域，为此该文提出一种能够应用于中大功率场合、实现了零电流开关的单级高功率因数AC／DC变换器拓扑。通过在全桥变换器中增加辅助开关实现了PWM控制，它不仅能够在很宽的负载范围内实现零电流开关和功率因数校正，而且解决了全桥谐振电路中。在不采用移相控制的情况下，必须采用PWM控制策略的问题。与2级式功率因数校正电路相比，提高了动态响应的速度、降低了成本，并且开关管的电压应力较低。仿真和实验分析验证了变换器的优越性。     

A zero-current switching switched-capacitor DC-DC converter with reduction in cost,complexity, and size

This paper presents a new step-up switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converter which has many advantages such as reduction in investment cost, control complexity, number of components, voltage stress on components, and size over traditional topologies. In the proposed structure, power switches are reduced in number which in turn leads to the merits mentioned earlier and makes the converter more suitable for industrial applications. Furthermore, a previously introduced zero-current switching (ZCS) method is used here which provides soft switching for the devices. There is also a reduction in the number of required inductors to achieve ZCS due to the decreased number of switches in the proposed converter. The proposed converter is validated by comprehensive simulation results in MATLAB Simulink environment and also precise experimental results which show the acceptable performance of the proposed topology.     

基于变频-移相混合控制的L-LLC谐振双向DC-DC变换器

随着储能系统的不断发展及其在直流分布式系统中的广泛应用,充当储能与直流分布式系统能量交互接口,调节范围宽、运行效率高的双向直流变换器得到深入的研究。提出一种基于变频-移相混合控制的L-LLC谐振双向直流变换器,具备宽泛的增益及功率范围,可实现输入侧开关管的零电压开通和输出侧整流管的零电流关断,运行效率高。对变频-移相控制下L-LLC的运行状态及特性进行了精确的描述分析,从理论层面论证采用变频-移相混合控制的合理性并提出一种简单的变频-移相混合控制实现方法。样机实验结果验证了L-LLC谐振双向直流变换器理论分析的正确性及其在运行效率和调节范围两方面性能的优越性。     

Reduction of Losses and Efficiency Enhancement of a Zero-voltage Transition–Zero-current Transition Pulse-width Modulated Synchronous Buck Converter with a Simple Passive Auxiliary Circuit

In this article, a novel auxiliary circuit is incorporated with a synchronous buck converter, which provides zero-voltage transition–zero-current transition switching conditions for the main and synchronous switches in the proposed converter. There are no additional voltage and current stress on main and synchronous switches due to the resonance of the auxiliary circuit that acts for a small segment of time in the proposed converter. A zero-voltage transition–zero-current transition pulse-width modulated synchronous buck converter with a simple passive auxiliary circuit reduces the stress and improves the efficiency by pacifying the conduction and switching losses compared to a traditional converter. The important design feature of the zero-voltage transition zero-current transition pulse-width modulated synchronous buck converter is the placement of resonant components that mollify the conduction and switching losses. Due to the zero-voltage transition–zero-current transition, the resonant components with low values are used, thereby resulting in the increase of switching frequency. The zero-voltage transition–zero-current transition operation of the proposed converter is presented through theoretical analysis. The characteristics of the proposed converter are verified with simulation in the PSIM (Powersim Inc, Rockville, USA) co-simulated with a MATLAB/SIMULINK (The Math Works, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) environment and implemented experimentally.