干/湿相转化法制备复合型聚合物电解质的研究

采用干 /湿相转化法制备了用于锂离子电池的复合型聚合物隔膜。通过扫描电镜和吸液实验研究了添加不同无机纳米粉料对由该法制得的聚合物隔膜孔径及结构的影响。用 8种隔膜组装了电池 ,测试了其电化学性质。结果证实无机纳米材料的加入导致了隔膜形成后在孔径大小、孔径分布和孔隙率等结构参数上的差异 ,添加无机纳米材料的隔膜具有适宜的孔结构和较好的充放电性能 ,具有实际应用价值     

降低蜂窝状堇青石陶瓷载体热膨胀的途径

详细叙述了降低蜂窝状堇青石陶瓷载体热膨胀的各种途径。主要包括设计适宜的化学组成 ,控制各种原料的种类、杂质含量、形貌、粒度以及对其进行必要的预处理 ,选用合适的添加剂 ,选择最佳烧成工艺 ,调节气孔率、孔径分布和烧成后陶瓷体的酸处理。     

Micro-/Macroporous Ceramics from Preceramic Precursors

Porous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics in particular bulk and cellular structures are produced via polymer pyrolysis. By using optimal pyrolysis parameters (i.e., heating rate, maximum temperature) the addition of either solid fillers or chemically active additives is efficient in preventing the collapse of pore structure and controlling pore formation through decomposition. Fast pyrolysis can lead to crack formation and a loss of specific surface area at temperatures above 600°C, whereas slow pyrolysis is able to preserve mesopores up to 1200°C combined with high surface areas. These SiOC ceramics with bimodal pore size distribution are potential candidates for adsorption/separation processes under severe conditions.     

短切碳纤维对混凝土孔结构及特征的影响

为探究短切碳纤维(CFs)对混凝土内部孔结构微观特征的影响规律,制备体积掺量分别为0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.5%的短切碳纤维增强混凝土(CFC)试件,采用压汞法(MIP)分析各组试件内部孔结构特性,并引入分形理论对孔径分形规律展开进一步探讨。结果表明:掺入适量的CFs可有效降低混凝土总孔隙量和平均孔径,且掺量为0.1%时改善效果最佳;混凝土内部孔径具有显著的分形特性,各组试件ln(W_n/r²_n)、ln Q_n曲线拟合相关系数R²均在0.996以上,斜率可作为孔表面积分形维数(D_p);随着CFs掺量的增加,D_p先减小后增大,且D_p越大,平均孔径越大,进一步验证了CFs对混凝土内部结构的改善规律。     

双峰孔分布Al_2O_3载体的研究

采用两种不同孔径分布的拟薄水铝石干胶粉,制备呈明显双峰孔分布的Al2O3载体。考察原料粉体、孔结构调节剂种类和用量以及焙烧温度等对Al2O3载体的孔分布的影响,并采用N2物理吸附法和高压压汞法分析载体孔结构。结果表明,两种干胶粉按质量1∶1混合时,能改变单一粉体的堆积状态,制得载体兼具单一原料制备载体时的孔分布,孔容达到最大,为1.58 cm3·g-1,且孔径分布集中在(10~100)nm和300 nm以上;加入不同孔结构调节剂后,对载体孔径分布调节作用相似,孔径分布更为集中;添加质量分数5%尿素后,(10~100)nm孔径分布达到62.1%;载体的比表面积随尿素含量增加依次降低,适量添加调节剂可制得所需最佳孔径分布;载体在约920℃焙烧时,晶型为γ相和δ相的混合相。     

烧结助剂含量对多孔Si3N4/BN复合陶瓷力学性能和介电性能的影响

以Si3N4和BN为原料,叔丁醇为溶剂,SiO2、Y2O3和Al2O3为烧结助剂,采用凝胶注模成型工艺制备具有高强度、低介电常数多孔Si3N4/BN复合陶瓷。研究了Y2O3和Al2O3含量对多孔陶瓷气孔率、孔径分布、物相组成、显微结构、抗弯强度和介电常数的影响。结果表明:通过调节Y2O3和Al2O3含量,多孔Si3N4/BN复合陶瓷的气孔率由55%增加到68%,气孔尺寸呈单峰分布,平均孔径为0.89～1.02μm;抗弯强度和相对介电常数随Y2O3和Al2O3含量的增加而单调增大,抗弯强度和相对介电常数的变化范围分别为29.9～60.9 MPa和2.30～2.85;通过调节Y2O3和Al2O3含量调控气孔率,能够获得介电性能和力学性能可调的高性能透波材料。     

Influence of pore distribution on the equivalent thermal conductivity of low porosity ceramic closed-cell foams

The microstructures of porous alumina materials with different porosities were established by introducing the departure factor of pore position and acentric factor of pore diameter to describe the distribution of pores in space and in size, respectively. The contribution of radiation and influence of pore distribution on the equivalent thermal conductivity were discussed based on numerical simulations by the finite volume method (FVM) considering both thermal conduction and radiation. When the pore diameter was less than 10?µm, the radiation component was less than 2%, and radiation could be neglected. Radiative heat transfer played a dominant role for materials with high porosity and large pore size at high temperatures. For micro pore materials (<?100?µm), broad pore size and non-uniform pore space distribution decreased the thermal conductivity across the entire temperature range. For materials with macro pores (>1?mm), broad pore distribution decreased the thermal conductivity at low temperatures and increased it at high temperatures. The basic prediction model of effective thermal conductivity for a two-component material, the Maxwell–Eucken model (ME1) and its modified model were corrected by introducing the pore structure factor. The results from experiments prove that the numerical values were satisfactory.     

多孔陶瓷分离膜支撑体的制备研究

采用氧化铝为主要原料制备出多孔陶瓷分离膜支撑体,对原料粉体做了TG/DSC曲线分析,研究了支撑体的烧结温度对收缩率的影响及烧结温度、保温时间和原料粉体粒径对孔结构、孔径的影响,造孔剂用量对孔隙率的影响。结果表明：在烧结温度为1200℃,保温时间4h,控制造孔剂用量大于20%时,制备出孔径分布均匀,孔隙率大于50%,符合透水要求的多孔陶瓷分离膜支撑体。     

PP/EVA复合发泡材料的制备与性能研究

以高熔体强度聚丙烯(PP)和乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)为主要原料,通过化学-模压发泡法制备聚丙烯/乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(PP/EVA)发泡复合材料并采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、旋转流变仪等设备对复合材料测试分析,研究了不同含量EVA对PP发泡性能及力学性能的影响.结果表明,EVA的加入对PP...     

Improvement of the flame retardancy of plasticized poly(lactic acid) by means of phosphorus‐based flame retardant fillers

The aim of this study is to improve the flame resistance and toughness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with the addition of low amount of flame retardant fillers and plasticizer simultaneously. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as plasticizer for PLA. Ammonium polyphosphate, boron phosphate, and tri‐phenyl phosphate (TPP) were used as flame retardant additives. Among these flame retardant additives, boron phosphate was synthesized from its raw materials by using microwave heating technique. Characterization of PLA/PEG‐based flame retardant composites was performed by conducting tensile, impact, differential scanning calorimeter, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, limiting oxygen index, and UL‐94 vertical burning tests. Mechanical tests showed that the highest tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break values were obtained with the addition of ammonium polyphosphate and TPP into PLA/PEG matrix, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the composites exhibited that the more homogeneous filler distribution in the matrix was observed for TPP containing composite. The best flame retardancy performance was also provided by TPP when compared with the other flame retardant additives in the plasticized PLA‐based composites.     

Preparation of Micro‐/Mesoporous SiOC Bulk Ceramics

Micro‐/mesoporous SiOC bulk ceramics with high surface area and bimodal pore size distribution were prepared by pyrolysis of polysiloxane in argon atmosphere at 1100°C–1400°C followed by etching in hydrofluoric acid solution. Their thermal behaviors, phase compositions, and microstructures at different nano‐SiO₂ filler contents and pyrolysis temperatures were investigated by XRD, SEM, DSC, and BET. The SiO₂ fillers and SiO₂‐rich clusters in the SiOC matrix act as pore‐forming sites and can be etched away by HF. At the same time, the SiO₂ filler promotes SiOC phase separation during the pyrolysis. The filler content and pyrolysis temperature have important effects on phase compositions and microstructures of porous SiOC ceramics. The resulting porous SiOC bulk ceramic has a maximum specific surface area of 822.7 m²/g and an average pore size of 2.61 nm, and consists of free carbon, silicon carbide, and silicon oxycarbide phases.     

以硼砂为助熔剂使用含钛高炉渣制备发泡陶瓷

以紫色页岩、含钛高炉渣为原料,硼砂为助熔剂,碳化硅为发泡剂制备发泡陶瓷,通过对气孔率、闭孔率、孔径分布、表观密度、抗压强度、导热系数进行测量,研究了原料配比和硼砂添加量对发泡陶瓷气孔结构和物理性能的影响。结果显示:当原料中含钛高炉渣比例增加时,试样的平均孔径增加,气孔均匀性下降;硼砂的加入会使试样抗压强度降低,孔隙率增大,导热系数变小。当发泡陶瓷原料配比(质量分数)为高炉渣30%,页岩70%,添加4%的硼砂和0.2%的碳化硅时,制备出的发泡陶瓷的表观密度为0.374 g·cm^-3,导热系数为0.121 W·m^-1·K^-1,抗压强度为2.59 MPa,满足建筑外墙保温发泡陶瓷的要求。发泡陶瓷主要晶相为斜长石,同时伴有部分透辉石、石英和少量的铁板钛矿。     

Silicon–titanium oxycarbide glasses as bimodal porous inorganic membranes

Porous oxycarbide Si–Ti–O–C glasses have been studied as potential materials for inorganic membranes. Such materials were prepared by pyrolysis of hybrid materials in nitrogen atmosphere. These hybrids were synthesized by the sol–gel process using tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and titanium orthotitanate (TBOT) as raw material. The influence of the TEOS/TBOT molar ratio on the pore size distribution has been studied in the range of pyrolysis temperatures between 400 and 1100 °C. The oxycarbide materials were characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies, XRD, mercury porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption and SEM. Bimodal pore size distributions showed one mode close to 0.02 μm and the other one in the range between 1 and 100 μm of pore diameter. Such pore sizes increase with the amount of TBOT. Reduced effective diffusivities were calculated by a theoretical model taking into account the mentioned pore size distributions. Diffusivities appeared in the range from 0.46 to 0.77 and increase with the titanium concentration in the oxycarbide.     

低成本多孔非对称陶瓷过滤膜的制备与性能研究进展

陶瓷膜因具有机械强度高、耐高温、化学稳定性好、孔径分布可控、再生性能好和环境友好等诸多优势而被应用于众多行业。然而,其生产成本较高导致市场占有率低。此外,陶瓷膜还面临高渗透性和高选择性不能兼备的难题,这限制了其大规模应用。本文综述了采用廉价原料、添加烧结助剂和优化制备工艺来降低非对称陶瓷膜生产成本以及提高其性能方面的研究,分析了相关措施对陶瓷膜的利弊,并展望了陶瓷膜未来的发展方向和应用前景。     

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous electrospun carbon fibers derived from silica template

In our study, mesoporous carbon fibers were prepared by using electrospinning and physical activation. In order to develop mesoporous structure, silica was used as a physical activation agent due to meso-size of particle. The diameter of activated carbon fibers increased and surface became rougher after physical activation. Textural properties of carbon fibers were evaluated by using surface pore structure analysis apparatus. The specific surface area increased 12 times and total pore volume increased about 57 times through physical activation using silica. The development of mesoporous structure was confirmed by pore size distribution and fraction of micropore volume. From the DFT pore size distribution, it is sure that broad meso-sized porous carbon fibers were obtained from physical activation in our experiment. The fact that fractions of micropore volume are too low showing less than 2% by the results of total pore volume and HK pore volume concedes that silica activated CFs are pretty mesoporous. Eventually activated carbon fibers having broad meso-sized pores were obtained successfully.     

Modelling relationships between permeability and cement paste pore microstructures

Pore size distribution and the interconnectivity of cement paste pores have a strong influence on permeability. A computer network model has been developed to simulate flow through the pore microstructure cement paste. Network models have been successfully applied to predicting permeabilities of geological materials including rocks and soils but have not been specifically developed in the area of cement and concrete. The network model presented in this paper is used to obtain further insight into how pore size distributions of cement paste microstructures influences permeability. The model accounts for variations in pore microstructure by using a two-dimensional network of tubes with different log-normal size distributions.     

镁铬合成料对镁铝铬捣打料性能的影响

分别采用电熔镁铬合成料、烧结镁铬合成料、废烧结镁铬砖为主原料 ,引入一定量的镁铝尖晶石 ,配制了几种化学组成相同的镁铝铬捣打料 ,测试了其物理性能 ,并分析了其显微结构。结果表明 :即使镁铝铬捣打料的骨料颗粒组成、结合剂用量及化学组成均相同 ,但由于所用镁铬合成料不同 ,导致其显微结构不同 ,物理性能也不相同。     

陶瓷抛光砖废料和磷石膏对硅酸盐水泥熟料煅烧及其岩相结构的影响

试验研究了陶瓷抛光砖废料和磷石膏配料对硅酸盐水泥熟料烧成的影响,并通过XRD、岩相分析和性能测试等手段探讨了其对熟料岩相结构与性能的影响及其机理.结果表明,通过优化配料方案和工艺条件,陶瓷抛光砖废料和磷石膏代替部分原料配料可烧制出合格的硅酸盐水泥熟料.     

利用黄金尾矿制备发泡陶瓷的研究

中国黄金尾矿资源量大,作为二次资源在建筑材料领域的综合利用有着重要的经济价值和环境意义。以黄金尾矿为主要原料,SiC为发泡剂,通过高温制备发泡陶瓷,用激光共聚焦显微镜、XRD等手段,研究了烧结温度、黄金尾矿掺入量、原料粒度对材料的容重、真气孔率和孔径等性能的影响。研究表明:随着烧结温度的升高,发泡陶瓷材料的真气孔率和孔径增大,容重减小;材料的真气孔率和容重随着黄金尾矿掺入量的增大分别降低和提高,随着原料粒度的减小分别提高和降低,气孔孔径随着黄金尾矿掺量的增大和原料粒度的减小均呈下降趋势。优化后,在烧成温度1 050 ℃,黄金尾矿掺入量50%(质量分数),黄金尾矿平均粒度D(50)=5.6 μm,SiC平均粒度D(50)=3.0 μm的条件下可制备出性能良好的发泡陶瓷。     

Influence of Sintering Temperature on the Properties of Porous Ceramic Support Prepared by Uniaxial Dry Compaction Method Using Low-Cost Raw Materials for Membrane Applications

In this article, we have reported the fabrication of stable macroporous ceramic support using low-cost inorganic raw materials by uniaxial dry compaction technique. The supports were prepared by mixing of inexpensive raw materials such as kaolin, quartz, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, boric acid, sodium metasilicate, and polyvinyl alcohol as a binder. The prepared green supports were sintered at different temperatures ranging between 900 and 1000°C. The raw materials and the sintered supports were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, particle size distribution (PSD), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The influence of sintering temperature on the membrane structure, porosity, flexural strength, chemical stability, and the pure water permeability was also examined. It was observed that the average pore size and the flexural strength of the sintered supports increase with an increase in the sintering temperature. The porosity of the sintered supports was obtained in the ranges between 22 and 40%. The chemical stability of the sintered supports was found to be good. Based on the results obtained, the support sintered at 950°C (porosity of 30%, mechanical strength of 28 MPa, and average pore size of 3.45 µm) was considered as the optimum support for membrane applications. The ceramic support cost was estimated to be $67/m² according to the raw material price. Henceforth, these low-cost membrane supports with better properties could be suggested for cheaper application in chemical and biochemical processes.