Experimental characterization of Ti6Al4V T joints welded through linear friction welding technique: microstructure and NDE

Linear friction welding (LFW) is an innovative solid-state welding technique that allows to manufacture joints with high mechanical properties. This technology has various applications in the aerospace field; in particular it is used to weld massive structural components made of Ti6Al4V. This paper deals with the experimental study of Ti6Al4V T-joints welded through LFW, with particular focus on the effectiveness of ultrasonic control in detecting and distinguishing welding defects within the joints. Aiming to this scope, joints with different properties were manufactured and tested:some were free from defects but with different metallurgy, and some had different types of defects. The results obtained proved that the ultrasonic control was an effective method to detect and identify defects in linear friction welded titanium joints, moreover it was possible to get information regarding the microstructure and in particular the extension of the different metallurgical zones induced by the welding process.     

Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb对成骨细胞生物活性影响的研究

研究Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb 3种钛金属表面经喷砂酸蚀处理后的表面形貌、亲水性及对成骨细胞生物活性的影响。在Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb 3种钛金属表面进行Al2O3喷砂和盐酸、硫酸混合物酸蚀的表面改性处理(SLA),通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察样品的表面形貌,通过接触角测量仪在显微镜下测量接触角的大小;将SD大鼠成骨细胞以1×104cells/m L密度接种于Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb表面后通过MTT活性实验观察成骨细胞在样品表面的增殖,通过SEM观察细胞在样品表面生长的形态,通过碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性实验,检测成骨细胞的分化能力。Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb在经过喷砂酸蚀处理后,表面均呈现出微米级多孔形貌,3种样品均为亲水性表面;细胞在SLA处理后的Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb表面增殖良好,细胞伸展显著;其中在Ti6Al7Nb表面细胞的增殖、黏附、分化能力最强。大颗粒喷砂酸蚀技术的表面处理方法能够促进Ti、Ti6Al4V和Ti6Al7Nb的生物活性;经SLA处理的Ti6Al7Nb比Ti和Ti6Al4V表现出更好的生物学活性,成骨细胞在其表面呈现出更好的增殖、黏附及分化能力。     

置氢Ti6Al4V合金的微观组织演变规律

为研究置氢Ti6Al4V合金的高温加工改性机理,从微观组织的角度对合金进行了对比分析.利用OM、SEM、XRD等研究了置氢对Ti6Al4V合金变形前后微观组织演变的影响.研究结果表明:氢的加入不仅使置氢Ti6Al4V合金中β相比例明显增大,而且改变了α相与β相之间的电势差,在氢含量为0.3%~0.5%两相颜色将发生互换,氢含量增加到0.50%以上时,合金中将出现面心立方结构的δ氢化物;随氢含量的增加,合金超塑拉伸变形后的组织由α+β两相等轴晶粒变为粗大的β晶粒,造成α与β界面的协调能力下降,并改变了合金的变形机制.     

Ti6Al4V粉末及其制品的研究进展

采用粉末冶金方法生产钛合金制品,材料的利用率几乎可达100%,而且产品性能好,是低成本制造高质量钛合金零部件的重要途径。综述了国内外Ti6Al4V粉末及其粉末冶金制品的制备技术及应用概况,指出低氧球形高质量粉末的制备是钛合金粉末的发展方向,气体雾化是制备优质钛合金粉末的主要工业化生产方法,介绍了传统的粉末冶金方法及近年来新开发的粉末冶金新技术的应用情况。制备工艺的改善,加上民用领域产品需求量的大幅度增加,势必极大程度地推动粉末冶金Ti6Al4V的研究与应用。     

Ti6Al4V高速干滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

对Ti6Al4V合金在高速干滑动摩擦条件下进行了系统的磨损性能测试,研究了载荷和速度对Ti6Al4V合金的摩擦磨损机制的影响,对Ti6Al4V合金的磨损表面、纵剖面进行了显微分析及X-衍射分析,实验结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金的磨损率和摩擦表面温度随着载荷和速度的升高而增加,摩擦表面的温度最高达到1044℃,磨损表面出现"蘑菇头"的磨损现象,表面出现裂纹及剥落坑,表层及次表层出现裂纹,组织变得粗大,磨损纵剖面析出Ti3O,Ti6O,VO0.53,VN等化合物.     

Metallurgical and Corrosion Properties of Explosively Welded Ti6Al4V/Low Carbon Steel Clad

Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and Iow carbon steel (LCS) were joined by explosive welding method using different ratios of explosive. Some metallurgical properties of joined samples were investigated. Joined samples were examined by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tensile-shearing tests. Bending, tensile, hardness and corrosion behaviour of the samples were investigated. Separation was not occurred on the joining interface after tensile-shearing and bending tests. It is seen that hardness of both plates were increased with increasing explosive.It is found that increasing explosive ratio leads to an increase in corrosion. It is also found that corrosion rate was high at the beginning of the experiment but the rate of the corrosion decreased subsequently during the experiment.     

Ti6A14V合金的低温超塑性拉伸变形行为

在700℃-850℃的温度范围内对Ti-6%Al-4%V(质量分数)合金板材进行超塑性拉伸试验,研究了应变速率为3×10-4-5×10-38-1条件下的拉伸变形行为.结果表明:Ti6A14V合金在空气中表现出良好的低温超塑性变形能力.在800℃初始应变速率ε=5×10-4s-1条件下,延伸率达到536%.在较低的700℃下变形(ε=5×10-4s-1),延伸率仍然超过了300%.在整个变形温度区间内,应变速率敏感性指数m均为0.3左右,最大值为0.63.在850℃变形激活能与晶界自扩散激活能十分相近,表明晶界扩散控制的晶界滑动是超塑性变形的主要机制.在700-750℃,变形激活能远大于晶界自扩散激活能,位错运动是激活能升高的原因.在800℃变形的激活能介于两者之间,表明随着温度的降低变形机制逐渐发生改变.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面耐磨涂层的研究进展

评述了Ti6Al4V合金表面耐磨涂层的最新研究进展，特别对新的微弧氧化陶瓷涂层予以关注，并由此提出了深入研究的方向。     

钛合金微弧氧化膜成分特性分析

钛合金微弧氧化膜层硬度大、耐蚀性好、电绝缘性好,可用于耐磨、耐蚀零件的处理.介绍了钛合金微弧氧化技术现状,采用引进设备,通过控制电压、电流密度、电解液浓度等参数在Ti6Al4V表面生成了膜层;测试了膜层的厚度、粗糙度、显微硬度及绝缘电阻值;采用X射线衍射及扫描电镜并结合能谱仪研究了膜层的结构、形貌及元素;分析了膜层的形成机理.结果表明,膜层厚度为22 μm,粗糙度Ra为2.0 μm,显微硬度为HV 2 200,绝缘电阻值为5 MΩ,包含非晶相和晶相-钛组织,是由膜层基体和大量的直径只有几微米的孔洞组成,主要包含O,Si,Ti和Al元素.     

钛合金Ti6Al4V螺钉断裂原因分析

针对钛合金Ti6Al4V螺钉在装配过程中发生断裂的问题,分别采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、扫描电镜与金相检验的方法,进行了化学成分分析、断口分析、表面形貌观察与显微组织分析。结果表明:螺钉的化学成分符合要求;螺钉先发生脆性开裂,后发生韧性断裂;螺钉的螺纹表面存在麻点、缺口与伤痕等缺陷。螺纹表面的麻点、缺口与伤痕等缺陷是因为螺纹在滚压成形的过程中由于磨具和材料润滑不好,发生了粘连和嵌入而形成的。其中根部表面形成的一处严重伤痕在螺纹受力过程中产生应力集中,形成裂纹源并断裂。     

Ti6Al4V-TiN系梯度材料的设计

为了提高Ｔｉ６Ａｌ４Ｖ 钛合金基体和ＴｉＮ 薄膜之间的附着强度,采用有限元分析法对Ｔｉ６Ａｌ４Ｖ ＴｉＮ 系生物梯度材料进行了热应力缓和设计,分析了不同参数对热应力分布的影响。计算结果表明,Ｔｉ６Ａｌ４Ｖ ＴｉＮ系生物梯度材料的最优热应力缓和参数为：体积分布系数ｎ ＝ １ ．８ ;梯度层层数Ｎ＝ １０ ;梯度层厚度ｔ＝ １５μｍ 。     

Ti6Al4V表面激光熔覆纯Cr粉热力学分析

为研究在激光作用下元素之间的扩散及作用机理,采用激光熔覆方法在Ti6Al4V表面熔覆纯Cr粉,利用热力学相图分析软件Thermo-Calc对Cr-Ti-Al-V四元体系进行平衡相图计算分析,利用DICTRA软件模拟合金体系的元素在Ti6Al4V基体中扩散分布情况。X射线衍射图谱表明熔覆层主要由α-Ti、Laves相Cr2Ti及亚稳态Cr1.97Ti1.07组成;扫描电镜实验结果显示熔覆层主要由片状、树枝状及细小针状组织组成。熔覆层元素体系中主要为Cr、Ti元素在不断相互扩散,Al元素扩散缓慢,V含量基本没有变化,整个体系中主要参与反应的是Cr与Ti元素。     

Investigation on high temperature compression behaviour of hydrogenated Ti6Al4V alloy

Abstract

Isothermal compression of hydrogenated Ti6Al4V alloy was carried out on a Gleeble-1500D simulation tester at the strain rate 3×10^?3 s^?1 and high temperatures. Before the isothermal compression, a simplified thermohydrogen processing (THP) was used for Ti6Al4V. Attention was paid to the effect of THP on subsequent compression behaviour. The results show that hydrogen can effectively lower the flow stress and deformation temperature and enhance the strain rate sensitivity index (m value) for isothermal compression. The increasing amount of β phase and the ultrafine and equiaxial microstructure precipitated between the original α or β laths are the main reasons for the simplified THP to improve the formability of Ti6Al4V.     

超疏水Ti6Al4V表面的制备及其润湿性

为了使Ti6Al4V合金具有超疏水特性,采用激光技术加工规则点阵状纹理,然后采用自组装技术在试样表面制备自组装分子膜,得到了超疏水Ti6Al4V表面.激光加工构造的微米级点阵结构规整,形成了具有一定高度的类似锥台或柱状的凸起.通过激光加工和沉积自组装分子膜,Ti6Al4V试样表面的水接触角显著增大,最大可达到151°.将测得的接触角与分别用Wenzel模型和Cassie模型计算的理论值进行比较,实测结果更接近Cassie模型的结果.通过改变激光加工表面微结构的参数,可以控制表面接触角的大小.随着表面粗糙度值的增大,接触角呈增大趋势.当表面粗糙度大于4μm时,接触角均大于150°,形成超疏水表面.     

Effect of ceramic conversion surface treatment on fatigue properties of Ti6Al4V alloy

Samples of Ti6Al4V alloy were ceramic conversion (CC) treated. The fatigue properties of untreated and CC treated samples were evaluated with a conventional Wöhler cantilever rotating-bending fatigue machine under both plain fatigue and fretting fatigue conditions. Experiment results showed that CC treatment had a detrimental effect on plain fatigue properties and reduced the plain fatigue limit of the investigated Ti6Al4V alloy by about 24%. However, the fatigue property loss could be fully recovered by an additional shot peening after CC treatment. More importantly, shot peening after CC treatment resulted in considerably longer fatigue life over untreated and CC treated materials in the finite-life region. In contrast to its detrimental effect on plain fatigue, CC treatment appeared to be beneficial to fretting fatigue property. It increased fretting fatigue strength (FFS at 10⁷ cycles) of the Ti6Al4V alloy by approximately 10%. Shot peening after CC treatment further enhanced the fretting fatigue properties, with an improvement in FFS (10⁷ cycles) of about 20% over the untreated material under the present treatment and testing conditions.     

Ti6Al4V合金SIM熔炼过程中氧元素的溶解与控制

建立了氧元素溶解到Ｔｉ６Ａｌ４Ｖ合金中的热力学模型,并以此计算了ＩＳＭ熔炼过程中氧元素在ＴｉＡｌ４Ｖ合金熔体中熔解度,分析了影响氧元素在ＴｉＡｌ４Ｖ合金中溶解度的几个因素。结果表明,熔化室内氧气分压是决定Ｔｉ６Ａｌ４Ｖ合金氧含量的主要因素,需要合理控制,同时提出了利用多次抽真空反充氩气以降低熔化室内氧气分压的方法,该方法在降低Ｔｉ６Ａｌ４Ｖ合金中的氧含量方面取得明显效果。     

Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy End Milling with Minimum Quantity of Fluid Technique Use

To reduce the use of cutting fluids in machining operations is a goal that has been searched in the industry due to environmental and human health problems that the cutting fluids cause. However, cutting fluids still promote the longer life of the cutting tool for many machining operations. This is the case of Ti6Al4V titanium milling operation using coated cemented carbide inserts. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the feasible cutting conditions for use of minimal quantity of fluid (MQF) technique, i.e., conditions that make the tool life in MQF technique closer or higher than those obtained with the cutting without lubrication/cooling and cutting fluid jet without giving up productivity and the average roughness of the parts in the process. To achieve these objectives, several trials at Ti6Al4V end milling were performed by varying the cutting speed and feed rate with MQF application technique using vegetable cutting fluid compared with no lubrication/cooling and cutting with jet fluid to 8% aqueous emulsion. The main conclusion from this study was that the application of the MQF technique in Ti6Al4V end milling process increases the tool life and productivity and reduces the average surface roughness, while maintaining the same cutting conditions originally proposed in machining. Finally, microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) was performed from cutting tools, and the main wear mechanisms when varying the lubrication/cooling systems employed were observed.     

Photo-induced properties of anodic oxide films on Ti6Al4V

Photocatalytic activity and wettability of the anodic oxide layer on Ti6Al4V prepared by anodization in a sulfuric acid electrolyte are explored. The oxide is composed mainly of TiO₂ with V₂O₅, VO₂ and Al₂O₃. The crystal structure of the TiO₂ varies from anatase to rutile with the sulfuric acid concentration in the electrolyte. Anatase exhibits better photocatalytic activity compared with rutile, which is different from those on Ti and Ti-Nb-Sn alloy. Contact angles of the oxides decrease with ultraviolet light illumination, and hydrophilicity is observed in the rutile oxide. Both photocatalytic activity and hydrophilicity are inferior to the corresponding Ti and Ti-Nb-Sn alloy, which is explained by the presence of Al₂O₃ in the anodic oxide.     

置氢对Ti6Al4V合金室温组织的影响

通过在钛合金中引入临时元素氢,可以改变钛合金的相组成,进而改变钛合金的力学性能和加工性能.利用OP、XRD和TEM研究了固态置氢后Ti6Al4V合金的微观组织变化.研究表明:随氢含量的增加,合金中的β相含量增加,在置氢0.302%及0.490%(质量分数)的试样中发现面心立方(fcc)的氢化物δ,及大量的斜方结构的马氏体α",未发现亚稳态的氢化物γ.提出了一种基于扩散的由βH共析转变生成α及fcc结构的片状氢化物δ的机制,并指出氢的引入可能诱发马氏体转变.     

Ti6Al4V表面纹理制备及其润湿性

采用激光加工技术在Ti6Al4V表面分别加工直线、网格和具有规则点阵状结构的表面纹理,采用自组装技术制备自组装分子膜。采用扫描电镜、形貌分析仪和接触角测量仪对成膜后的钛合金表面进行形貌和接触角的表征与测量。结果表明,通过激光加工和沉积自组装分子膜,可显著增大Ti6Al4V的水接触角。其中直线纹理的试样表面水接触角可达124.8°,网格纹理的试样表面接触角可达126.1°,点阵状纹理的试样表面接触角可达151.6°。表面接触角与表面粗糙度相关,随着表面粗糙度值的增大,接触角呈增大趋势,当表面粗糙度>4μm时,接触角均>150°,形成超疏水表面。