走向园区的绿色建筑——深圳湾科技生态园的绿色实践

通过深圳市科技生态园项目绿色实践,探索大型城市园区类项目在绿色设计方法、技术体系和设计管理方面的突破和创新。项目以系统观的"平衡规划"为理论基础,以"垂直城市,立体分层"为核心规划思想,以"生态诊断+专项规划+本体技术"新的绿色园区设计流程指导,并创新集成协同的管理方法在绿色园区的设计上进行了一些有益的探索。     

The garden city tradition re‐examined

The garden city idea emerged in the late nineteenth century, but was quickly changed to become a diversified tradition. Ebenezer Howard's original reformist project was soon subordinated to largely environmental concerns, which in turn became important aspects of an emergent practice of town planning. The original co‐operative mode of development was also eclipsed by private speculative and governmental modes. The second part of the article briefly reviews the papers presented at the 1989 Bournville Conference, ‘The Garden City Tradition Re‐examined’, detecting nine areas of interest in the historical study of the garden city tradition. These are: the origins of the garden city idea; its development and realisation; industrial villages; garden suburbs; modern variants of the tradition; other variants; garden cities in colonial/resettlement programmes; specific national experiences, and the garden city and other traditions of planning. The prevailing impression is one of diversity of interest and approach in this re‐examination of the garden city tradition. However, a very general overarching theme is detected in the notion of transformation of idealism which pervades all the papers presented at the Conference.     

Planning the Nation: the sanatorium movement in Germany

With the nineteenth-century conviction that cities were true breeding grounds for disease, in particular tuberculosis, also came the theory that there were places of health outside of the city. The medical theory of the ‘immune place’, developed by Hermann Brehmer in the 1850s, would serve as the impetus for the development and justification of the tuberculosis sanatorium, which, as the ‘place of health’, was to be situated in natural surroundings, ideally in the dry air of an unspoilt mountain region.

The first sanatorium dedicated to the treatment of tuberculosis was Görbersdorf in Silesia. It prompted a great number of successors and, by the end of the nineteenth century a veritable sanatorium or ‘Heilstätten-movement’ had taken place in Germany. However, the treatment did not prove as successful as initially hoped and, during the 1899 Conference on TB in Berlin, alternatives in the fight against the disease were considered, among them the ‘home sanatorium’, proposed by the military surgeon Dr von Unterberger. He attempted to bring the place of health back into the city, and therefore to ignore the demand for a particular site, the precondition of the original sanatorium cure.

This paper will discuss the way in which the renunciation of site specificity, which led the sanatorium idea itself ad absurdum, provided new opportunities for the strategic governing of the young German Nation. The idea of a sanatorium network would now come to be associated with the idea of an evenly distributed grid determined by its distance from certain cities, their population density and other statistical or measurable indicators, which had become important in political decision-making processes. Less dependent on regional characteristics and on the necessity to acquire a particular location, centralised planning became feasible, which enabled the government in Berlin to project and advance a close-meshed institutional network and therefore stabilise its power.     

特大城市楔形绿地规划建设的实践经验及 政策启示——以上海市浦东张家浜楔形绿地 为例

楔形绿地作为城市规划中重要的空间类型,自诞生之日起,其规划思想一直受到不同规划理论和学派的影响。在考察楔形绿地的起源、发展和演变后,聚焦中国上海市浦东楔形绿地的建设目标、规划体系和开发机制。以张家浜楔形绿地为例,探讨了上海市楔形绿地的规划编制和实施过程,并提出多主体、多元因素博弈形成动态平衡的开发机制和市场化的开发模式,是张家浜楔形绿地开发得以成功推进的重要经验。在上述案例经验的基础上,认为特大城市的楔形绿地建设需要规划编制体系、规划实施与管理及开发建设模式等多方面的自我创新和能力建设,可为其他特大城市的楔形绿地实践提供经验借鉴。     

Contesting green technology in the city: techno-apartheid or equitable modernisation?

In recent decades, heated debate around green technology and its equitable access has aroused the concern of international scholars. This paper provides a review on the exclusion of green technology referred to as ‘green techno-apartheid’ and examines selected key eco-cities (i.e. Masdar, Songdo IBD and Bangalore) considered in the 2013 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Report on ‘City-Level Decoupling’ (2013). Metropolitan planning is a crucial instrument in addressing the challenges of urban social sustainability and is thus considered an important mechanism for developing a platform to approach issues of equitable access to green technology. The study reviews five metropolitan plans: the ‘London Plan’ (London, England), the ‘Municipal Plan 2011 for Greater Copenhagen’ (Copenhagen, Denmark), the ‘Economically Strong and Sustainable Structural Vision: Amsterdam 2040’ (Amsterdam, Netherlands), the ‘Hong Kong 2030: Planning Vision and Strategy’ (Hong Kong, China) and the ‘Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036’ (Sydney, Australia). The results of the study suggest that while all these plans focus on promoting green technology within a framework of ecological modernisation, they lack appropriate tools for achieving equitable modernisation and enhancing social equity. Consequently, it is essential that researchers and planners take further steps and develop effective instruments to improve equitable access to green technologies and achieve long-term urban social sustainability.     

Theoretical underpinnings of regenerative sustainability

Over the past half century, a discourse emphasizing environmental constraints and limits has both informed and provided many valuable ways of responding to complex environmental problems and has strongly shaped green building practices and associated environmental assessment methods. This paper delineates the concept of ‘regenerative sustainability’ – a net-positive approach to sustainability that is rooted in the notion of ‘procedural sustainability’ and a particular stream of constructivist social theory. The paper contrasts this to the concept of ‘regenerative development and design’ which, although having many commonalities, is based on different philosophical underpinnings. Since the origins of regenerative sustainability and regenerative design lie primarily in the social and ecological domains respectively, understanding their relationship is of importance in formulating approaches for the successful co-evolution of human and natural systems. The paper describes this relationship between regenerative sustainability and regenerative design, including a discussion of some of the key points of convergence and divergence between them, and concludes with an exploration of the practical implications of the regenerative sustainability concept.     

Framing a new discourse on petromodernity: the global petroleumscape and petroleum modernism*

The concept of the Global Petroleumspace is an analytical tool which engages the roles which different oil actors play in the development of new urban ideas and built forms. Coined by Hein, this concept contributes to enriching our understanding of globalization, modernity, and architectural history and their impacts on space through time. Petroleum is modern industry’s fuel par excellence. For much of the world, it is the arrival of petroleum on the local scene that introduces modernity with its attendant spaces, forms, materials, and discourses. To frame this new discourse on urban development and petromodernity, three events were organized: ‘Petroleumscape Roundtable’ held as part of the 17th IPHS Conference at TU Delft, ‘Petroleum Modernism Symposium’, organized at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and ‘The Global Petroleumscape Conference’ held at the Faculty of Architecture at TU Delft. This article briefly recounts and reflects upon the scholarly discussions which took place at these events, in order to outline an emergent discourse on petroleum’s imbrication in architecture and planning.     

The city-territory: large-scale planning and development policies in the aftermath of the Belice valley earthquake (Sicily, 1968)

This article examines a particular case of post-disaster planning: the ‘city-territory’ of the Belice Valley. As a consequence of an earthquake which devastated a depressed rural area of western Sicily in 1968, town planners, supported by special post-disaster legislation, undertook a planning experiment aimed at redeveloping the disaster area and promoting its social and economic transformation. The Belice Valley plan became an experiment in socio-economic engineering, and the idea of combining reconstruction and development was associated with a particular spatial layout: the ‘city-territory’. Based on archival research, this work examines this planning idea, its roots and its outcome. I will argue that, despite its peculiarities, the ‘city-territory’ idea was deeply rooted in the Italian and international culture and practices of the day, which were particularly favourable for large-scale planning and development policies. I will also demonstrate that the attempt to realize this plan for a ‘city-territory’ was hindered by a radically transformed context and by a general crisis of industrial development policies. This case study, therefore, attempts to shed light on a key issue of 1960s and 1970s international planning culture and practice, and illustrates some of the reasons for its partial failure.     

The origins of the Oxford Conference within the networks of 1930s student activism

It is sixty years since the Oxford Conference of 1958, which established the present-day model of British architectural education as a primarily intellectual pursuit carried out within a university environment. This paper traces the origins of this model to a network of young activists of the 1930s led by Leslie Martin, Richard Llewelyn Davies, Richard Sheppard, Max Lock, Justin Blanco White, and others. Walter Gropius addressed a number of key student meetings of the period, offering a major stimulus to the radicalism of the young. The resulting network sought to reform architectural education through student activism, aiming to produce architects adapted to the technical and intellectual challenges of modernism, and fit to work in the increasingly large and ambitious architectural offices of the public sector. The Oxford Conference is commonly portrayed as the culmination of a campaign hatched by a coterie of official architects infiltrating the RIBA. This paper adds to the understanding of the conference by demonstrating its origins within the fevered and energetic climate of 1930s student activism pervading not just the Architectural Association but national organisations such as the Northern Architectural Students’ Association and the RIBA Junior Members’ Committee. As architectural education once again comes under scrutiny, this paper rediscovers the atmosphere of student-led optimism, belief in progress, and passionate commitment to architecture as a public service which underpinned the origins of the current educational landscape. It also offers a reminder that reforming architectural education can be a slow and lengthy process.     

The challenge of distance in designing civil protest: the case of Resurrection City in the Washington Mall and the Occupy Movement in Zuccotti Park

This paper focuses on the way people define and challenge practices of distance during protest and the way protesters disrupt ‘generally established and universally visible and valid distances’ associated with the place. In illuminating these ideas, two case studies with seemingly similar socio-spatial characteristics are explored. The first case was initiated by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and aimed to call attention to the nation's neediest people by embarking on the ‘Poor People's Campaign’, which settled people on the National Mall in an encampment they called Resurrection City (RC). The second action, the Occupy Movement, was an international protest movement directed towards social and economic inequality. The Occupy Movement called upon protesters to ‘flood into lower Manhattan, set up tents, kitchens, peaceful barricades and occupy Wall Street for a few months’ to call attention to the inequalities of global capitalism. The paper interprets the strategies and tactics used by the Poor People's Campaign and the Occupy Movement to challenge distance, concluding with some reflections on the way contemporary forms of dissent are changing the way we perceive public space and its politics.     

Parisian eco-districts: low energy and affordable housing?

This paper examines how policies and practices for affordable housing in Paris, especially ‘green’ housing for the poor, are being subverted to retain or attract the middle class: the ‘greentrification’ of lower-class neighbourhoods. From the 1960s onward, many middle- and working-class households have left Paris due to de-industrialization and the city’s high housing costs. To bring these middle classes back, the municipality initiated a policy calling for increased social diversity, using social housing as its main policy tool. In France the provision of public housing is legally mandated, and compared with international standards, the income ceilings for gaining access to it are high. Thus, municipalities may pursue urban renovation and construct social housing for the middle class to replace substandard buildings occupied by low-income populations. The Paris municipality has established ‘green’ residential eco-districts known as ‘eco-quartiers’. In the national eco-district programme, the neighbourhoods must meet environmental performance criteria, show potential for economic development, and provide social and functional diversity. Thus, housing location and price must fit the needs of the existing residents. However, most ‘green’ subsidized housing in Paris is for the middle class. Social diversity has become a means of redistribution: more middle class and fewer poor people.     

GRG石膏天花的应用

对GRG制品进行了介绍,分别阐述其技术性能和制造安装工艺及质量控制措施,并结合GRG石膏天花在广州白云国际会议中心工程中应用实践,指出GRG材料性能稳定,防火耐火,绿色环保,施工方便,值得进一步推广。     

共生思想下旧工业建筑转化为创意产业园的改造模式研究

随着我国城市产业结构的调整,致使大量失去功能的旧工业建筑处于闲置状态,“变废为宝”成为这些旧工业建筑的新出路。但是旧工业建筑的改造在历史和文化等方面具有其特殊性,不能用现代建筑思想进行指导和评价。因此本文以旧工业建筑转换总量最大的创业产业园为研究对象,运用共生思想的相关理论作为指导,通过共生领域的“圣域”“道的复权”和“中间领域”三个方面进行论述,进而总结出建筑改造中运用共生理论指导设计的原则。     

Beyond Le Corbusier and the modernist city: reframing Chandigarh's ‘World Heritage’ legacy

Mounting concern about the slow progress of the drive to reconstruct Britain's cities in the late 1940s and 1950s led to a sustained debate about strategies and priorities. This paper offers insight into the climate of ideas of a key period in the recent past by considering the work of the Society for the Promotion of Urban Renewal (SPUR). A pressure group that campaigned for resuscitation of urban reconstruction under the banner of ‘urban renewal’, SPUR staged exhibitions and published manifestoes that reasserted core urban values, reconfigured decentralization on an intraurban basis, proposed multi-level circulation systems and, latterly, sought to redress the balance of rehabilitation and conservation strategies against comprehensive redevelopment. After a contextual introduction, the opening section of this paper clarifies two key concepts – ‘reconstruction’ and ‘renewal’ – that shaped thinking about the replanning of British cities in the early postwar period. The ensuing sections analyse the origins and founding ideals of SPUR and examine its key projects and manifestoes. The conclusion reflects on consensus and plurality in the group's work in the context of wider currents of thought about urban renewal.     

A comprehensive approach in green space site planning: an application of a three-stage multi-criteria decision support system

ABSTRACT

To green space site planning, this paper deals with ‘Regional Park site planning’, and presents a concept of ‘criteria screening and selection’. Through a three-stage decision support system, this paper, firstly, identifies general criteria for green space site planning and then comes up with specific criteria for Regional Park site planning within Shiraz metropolitan area. The paper contributes to the literature by improving the existing approaches of criteria selection, and points out that the list of selection criteria aggregated from literature should be adapted to case specific characteristics before being used to select a new location for public green spaces.     

形神兼备思路下的特色小镇规划研究 ——以滕州董村花汇小镇为例

针对当前特色小镇规划建设现实问题,在特色小镇传统规划方法中融入"形""神"概念,阐释形神兼备规划思路基本内涵,提出形神兼备思路下的特色小镇规划设计方法:既要考虑规划方案的形态美,更应追求包括产业、人居、生态、文化等内涵的神态设计.最后结合董村花汇小镇规划,阐述了形神兼备规划设计方法在实践中的应用,以期为特色小镇的规划编...     

The City in the Traumatic Scene of Modernity

This essay critically analyzes the current notion of ‘reconstruction’ of the contemporary city, dominated by the historicist conception of history and the naive notions of memory and modernity. In first part, it attempts to provide an alternative theoretical framework by advancing the idea of the ‘Traumatic Memory of the City’ through the writings of Walter Benjamin on the city. This first part then provides the ground for the second part which critically examines the recent reconstruction of the center of Berlin as a case of a historicist act that has succeeded in abolishing and erasing much of the ‘traumatic memory’ of the city of Berlin in its modern history. The essay ends by questioning the validity of the current conception of ‘reconstitution’ and suggest it be coupled with the notions of ‘re-making’ and ‘iteration’¹     

西安城市公园绿地形态演变 语境与模式

西安城市建设发展过程中公园绿地形态的形成和演变,伴随着＂园林、绿化＂在不同时期语义内涵的变化,及其设计营建模式的改变;并遵循着历史遗址地上建设公园开放绿地的一贯做法,使得公园绿地空间体系反映历史城市的格局特点。详实地描述和梳理建国以来5个历史阶段的建设发展过程,从基础＂植物种植＂和传统园林式、遗址地上新建公园花园、城市大草坪装饰性种植,到汉唐风格公园广场绿地的城市经营模式,评析“园林”、“绿化”等行业术语在不同时期当下语境与模式的演变对公园绿地形态的影响。     

是景观都市主义吗？

21世纪之交“景观都市主义”的论述和实践认为风景园林日趋成为当代城市的典范和载体。文章详述了风景园林师作为当代城市规划专家的观点,并从学科形成和职业特征的角度论证了风景园林作为城市化载体的观点。同时将风景园林职业的起源称作19世纪的“新艺术”,协调着工业城市的设计及其生态和社会的功能。并将景观都市规划师的论述起源定位于新自由主义经济背景下先进的建筑文化和民粹的环保主义的交融。     

On being unreasonable: Progressive planning in Sheffield and Chicago

This paper gives an account of ‘left’ and ‘progressive’ economic development politics and policy in Sheffield and Chicago in the early 1980s. The origins of these policies in activist work and grassroots organizing, and the leadership of John Benington and David Blunkett in Sheffield and of Robert Mier and Harold Washington in Chicago are characterized and briefly compared.