变电站接地网暂态建模方法

为提高接地网暂态模型计算效率及建模灵活性,保证其计算精度,基于场路结合思想推导了接地网暂态建模及数值计算方法。该方法有效计及了接地导体间电磁互耦作用,可准确计算接地网不同频率电流及冲击电流作用时的暂态响应。采用该方法对接地网不同频率电流作用下的接地阻抗进行了仿真计算,并对接地网雷电流作用下暂态电位分布进行了计算,绘制了三维电位分布图。经与电磁场模型计算结果及接地网现场暂态电位分布试验结果对比,验证了模型的正确性。     

Time-harmonic analysis of grounding system in horizontally stratified multilayer medium

This paper extends an electromagnetic model for time-harmonic analysis of grounding system in horizontally stratified multilayer medium which consists of air and arbitrary number of soil layers. Complete electromagnetic coupling between grounding system segments is taken into account. The model is based on applying the finite element technique to an integral equation formulation. Through an effective approximation of the attenuation and phase shift effects the computation of Sommerfeld integrals has been avoided, which considerably shortens the computational time. The treatment of non-horizontal segments of grounding grid conductors has been resolved by approximating the segment with five current point sources distributed along the segment length. An algorithm for scalar electric potential computation in any soil layers is presented and compared to published results. The effects of approximating a complex heterogeneous earth structure with a homogeneous earth is also analyzed and discussed.     

多层水平土壤对交流电网直流分布的影响

直流输电入地电流在交流系统内分布,对变压器和电网造成不良影响。为探讨多层水平土壤情况下直流分布的规律,建立了直流分布的完整计算模型,通过数值计算分析了直流极的简化处理方法案和4层水平土壤对直流分布的影响。计算结果表明:在变电站距离大于10倍直流极尺寸的情况下可以用点电流源代替具体的直流极;场参数的求解是本模型关键,直流模型的场参数实质就是互阻,大型交流电网直流分布不能忽略变电站间互阻的影响;变电站接地电阻和地电位分布均受到大地参数作用呈现一致变化,但受影响程度不同,两者对交流电网总体直流分布的作用相反,造成直流分布呈现非线性变化;大地参数变化至一定程度时不会明显直流分布改变。     

复杂接地系统冲击接地特性的数值计算及试验

为抑制变电站开关操作时产生的瞬态电磁场对站内二次设备的干扰,通常将二次电缆的屏蔽层双端接地。而雷击变电站接地网时,由于接地网的高频接地阻抗较大,在屏蔽层的两个接地点会产生很大的地电位差,这一电位差将通过二次电缆的转移阻抗耦合至二次设备,影响二次设备的正常工作。将矩量法与传输线理论相结合,将无穷远处视为零电位参考点,提出了分析复杂接地系统冲击接地特性的理论计算模型,该计算模型在频率不高或电缆长度较短的情况下,可简化为集中参数电路模型。为验证计算模型的正确性,还在试验接地网上进行了冲击接地试验,理论计算与测量结果比较吻合。该计算模型及方法可用于实际变电站接地网的冲击接地特性研究以及二次电缆电磁干扰的数值预测。     

基于遗传算法的变电站接地网优化

提出了基于电磁场和电路相结合的节点电压法,研究了接地网参数的数值计算,通过求取接地网分支导体上的轴向电流和端点电压获取地表任意一点的电位。并在此基础上结合遗传算法对接地网的优化设计进行了研究,通过计算接地网横向和纵向压缩比从而均匀接地网导体散流,使接地网最大接触电势不高于IEEE规程规定值。通过一个实际变电站接地网计算实例表明:优化设计后的接地网确实均匀了地表电位,降低了最大接触电势,采取中心点引流方式效果更佳。     

Lightning Response of a Grounding System Buried in Multiple Layers in Earth Using the PEEC Method Based on the Quasi-static Complex Image Method

Abstract

A mathematical model of the partial-element equivalent circuit method is developed in this paper that can be used to accurately calculate lightning current along a high-voltage alternating current substation grounding system buried in multilayered soil. Combined with the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the conduction effect of the components of the current harmonics is analyzed, and the effect of capacitance and induction between layers of soil are examined. Furthermore, the effects of the frequency-dependent conductivity and permittivity of the soil are considered. To speed-up calculation, the quasi-static complex image method and a closed form of Green’s function are used. Through the inverse FFT, the model can calculate the distribution of lightning current in any grounding system. This can be used to study the performance of the system’s response to transient lightning.     

Modeling of motor bearing currents in PWM inverter drives

Pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverters have recently been found to be a major cause of motor bearing failures in inverter-fed motor drive systems. Specifically, all inverters generate common-mode voltages relative to the earth ground. These voltages provide coupling or bearing currents through motor parasitic capacitances to the rotor iron which flow via the bearings to the grounded stator case. In this paper, a model of bearing currents caused by PWM inverters is proposed. The model is based on transmission line theory which uses an equivalent lumped parameter π-network to describe the parasitic coupling phenomenon. The model parameters are then identified by matching the calculated model outputs with those of experimental measurement. The validation of the method is demonstrated by the fact that the model can reproduce a variety of experimental results obtained on a test motor. An application of this method also gives a motor grounding current model. As the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in motor drive systems is related to the grounding currents, the grounding current model can be used for the analysis of conducted EMI in motor-drive systems     

变电站接地网的断点诊断方法

为提高变电站接地网导体断点诊断的效率和精度,提出了通过测量地表磁感应强度的诊断方法。利用变电站接地网频域电磁场计算软件包进行仿真计算,在对仿真计算结果分析的基础上,研制了专用信号激励源,结合变电站实际电磁干扰环境,研制了信号采集、处理系统,基于电磁感应原理探测地表磁场,诊断变电站接地网导体的断点故障,通过仿真计算、模拟地网试验和现场应用,证明了该方法的可行性和诊断定位的准确性。     

一种地网腐蚀故障诊断的新算法

为解决地网腐蚀的定位问题,基于新标准对接地网在概念上的变化,提出并解决了基于场路结合的不等电位模型的地网腐蚀故障诊断的方法;针对地网腐蚀时的导通电阻变化,验证计算了地网腐蚀时地表电位分布及最大跨步电势、接触电势发生处的位置。通过编程实现了数值模型的计算机求解,其方法是通过求取地网各支路散流电流及节点电位来获得各支路的导通电阻值,并通过腐蚀前后各支路导通电阻值的变化来判断地网的腐蚀情况。同时,该模型对于入地电流频率在几十kHz下仍可考察地网的运行情况。实际结果表明,本文方法与试验结果吻合,具有较高的可信性。     

变电站内短路情况下架空地线分流系数的图论计算方法

架空地线分流系数是确定变电站接地电阻目标值的基础数据,提出了基于图论的多电源供电变电站站内接地短路时架空地线分流系数的计算方法。通过分析变电站内短路时影响架空地线分流的因素,给出了电路模型,用基于图论方法的戴维宁、诺顿等效原理和节点电压法推导出了计算架空地线分流系数的公式。与引用的一个算例进行了数据对比,证明了等值电路模型计算方法的正确性。通过计算实例反映出了架空地线分流系数随故障变电站内接地电阻的增大而增大,随线路杆塔接地电阻的增大而减小,线路前15基左右的架空地线–杆塔系统对架空地线分流系数起决定性影响。     

特高压气体绝缘开关设备接地系统环流计算与分析

特高压系统电压等级高、容量大,壳体环流和地网环流相对很大,在稳态运行下产生相当大的环流损耗.结合我国某特高压开关站,根据电磁互感器的基本原理,提出了气体绝缘装置(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)/混合气体绝缘装置(hybrid gas insulated switchgear,HGIS)外壳仿真计算等效电路模型.采用Π型等效电路表示接地体单元,运用数值计算方法对接地系统的电气参数进行优化计算.分析表明,采用双层水平地网可以将主地网环流控制在20 A 以内、次地网环流控制在700 A 以内,但相应的短接线电流较大.分析了壳体参数对壳体环流的影响,得出了深垂直接地极和短接线降低地网环流的效果,并提出了最佳的设计方案.最后给出了特高压接地系统各部分的环流值及相应的温升数据     

An advanced computer model for grounding system analysis

An advanced methodology and a computer model for analysis of practical grounding systems based on the method of moments are presented. The practical methodology is applicable to both simple and complex grounding systems. The grounding system may consist of cylindrical conductors as well as rectangular earth conductors or metallic surfaces buried in earth or located on the surface of the earth. The method consists of computing an equivalent circuit model of the earth embedded electrodes and conductive soil. Uniform or two-layer soil can he accommodated. The problem of computational efficiency is addressed. Several innovations have been introduced to minimize execution time, including adaptive segmentation of grounding structures and adaptive computation of self and mutual impedances. The procedure enables accurate computation of touch and step voltages, body currents, grounding system impedance, voltage profile, etc. The method and computer program have been validated with actual system measurements     

水平分层土壤中矩形混凝土任意形状复合接地网电阻的计算

对水平分层的多层土壤，先使用等效电阻率的方法，将水平多层土等效为二层土壤，然后对矩形混凝土内任意形状的复合接地网的接地电阻，提出2种处理方法，第1种方法是建立分界面上的积分方程，然后用矩量法离散，并用有限面积来代替二层土壤无限大分界面进行求解．第2种方法是用无穷多个镜像代替二层土壤的作用，将二层土壤中的基础接地问题化为均匀土壤中的基础接地问题进行求解．应用静电场和恒定电流场的相似性，论述了第1种方法的实现过程，包括积分方程的建立，矩量法离散，奇点的处理，以及离散后的代数方程式等．编制了能计算矩形混凝土内任意形状复合地网接地电阻的程序，用文献[1，2]的计算结果，检验了方法的正确性．     

基于EMTP的地网暂态计算模型

作为变电站电磁环境评估的重要内容 ,提出了考虑导体间互导纳及土壤电容效应的地网暂态计算不等电位模型和相应的基于EMTP的计算方法 ,使计算速度提高。不同地网仿真计算及与CDEGS比较的结果显示 ,对于工频短路或雷击变电站的情况 ,该模型满足工程要求。该方法应用于变电站地网模拟计算中 ,可快速准确地进行地网设计工作 ,从而提高地网设计效率     

基于节点电压法的变电站接地网腐蚀数值计算

针对地网腐蚀后接地阻抗以及地表点位变化的问题,采用基于不等电位的节点电压法,计算了接地网腐蚀前后接地阻抗以及地表点位的变化情况。该方法可判断地网的腐蚀严重情况;可根据具体的腐蚀情况提供地网腐蚀后的改造方案。该模型对于入地电流频率在几十千赫兹下仍可考察地网的运行情况。     

地下管线对通信电缆的屏蔽效应计算方法

提出了一种同时考虑感性耦合和阻性耦合时的地下管线对通信电缆的电磁屏蔽模型,以管线节点电流代替管线单元电流进行插值,改进了传统电磁屏蔽效应计算方法,在此基础上,进行了地下管线对地下通信电缆的电磁屏蔽系数计算,探讨了屏蔽保护的规律,计算结果表明,管线粗细和端接阻抗将明显影响屏蔽保护效果。     

关于某110kV GIS变电站接地网方案的效果分析及补充设计

结合某110kV GIS变电站地网工程的实践,对该变电站所处的环境、水平和垂直方向上的进行了分析和计算,对接地网电阻偏高的原因进行了探讨和研究,总结了该地网的设计特点,并制定了合理的补充设计方案,从而提出了一些具有参考价值的地网设计思路。土壤电阻率     

多层水平土壤地表电位分布的仿真分析

直流输电入地电流可能在交流系统内分布,对变压器和电网安全运行造成一系列不良影响。地表电位（ESP）分布是直流分布的重要参数,为提高数值计算的精度,基于矩阵束方法提出了一种求解格林函数的高阶复镜像法。算例证明了接地标准软件CDEGS在求解奇异格林函数时存在缺陷,高阶复镜像法克服了过往方法的不足,可以精确求解任意参数多层水...     

变电站地网缺陷综合诊断方法的研究

提出了一套创新的可以应用在实际接地网故障诊断项目中的诊断方法来诊断地网主网的缺陷。该诊断方法建立了非线性优化数学模型,引入遗传算法,采用超定方程的优化方法求解非线性方程,同时采用了多种新方法来保证测点选取的最优化,并通过大量试验得出地网导体腐蚀程度与电阻值变化的关系曲线,用于判断地网缺陷程度。大量仿真计算、模拟地网试验和现场实际测试都表明这种新方法是有效可行的。     

Rapid idea of located defects on grounding systems

This study gives an original way to have a rapid idea of the position of the located defects on grounding systems. For determining electromagnetic fields' radiation, we use an easy method, based on analytical formula, transmission line theory, and modified images theory, instead of complex method of Summerfield's integrals. The cartography of the electromagnetic fields radiated at the soil—air interface, by energized grounding systems (electrode or grid), can be used to detect and localize a defect on these systems. This model is aimed at helping in electromagnetic compatibility and lightning protection studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.