The premium price for Italian red wines in new world wine consuming countries: the case of the Russian market

Italian wine is increasingly appreciated in new world consumer countries and, in particular, in Russia where consumers associate its consumption with an Italian lifestyle. In this paper, market value for wine search attributes is measured through the estimation of a hedonic price model using online data from a Wine Searcher website and the information contained in the labels of wines marketed in Russia. Results show a premium price for wines from Piedmont and Tuscany, and in particular for non-native varieties and for Indicazione Geografica Tipica and Protected Geographical Indication wines. Additionally, vintage and higher alcohol content have a significant positive impact on the prices that consumers are willing to pay for wines. The knowledge of the implicit price of wine quality attributes has important implication for producers to aid in the adoption of effective marketing strategies, and for decision-makers for the adoption of effective measures to improve regional competitiveness in the world market.     

贺兰山东麓葡萄酒产品市场等级体系构建方案探讨

宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄酒区已经成为中国葡萄酒行业的一个代表性产区,但至今未有葡萄酒产品等级。该文论述产品市场分级意义和必要性,以产区、产品质量等级、获奖情况、葡萄园管理、酒庄管理为等级要素,设计贺兰山东麓产区特级、优质、佐餐葡萄酒三级质量等级和五星市场等级体系,并提出成立评选机构、风土研究、葡萄酒指纹图谱数据库建设、分级分类评定的推广路径,建立具有贺兰山东麓特色、适合我国国情、有利于国际贸易的具有公信力的葡萄酒质量等级制度和市场等级制度。     

The use of place and geography to market wine in Oklahoma

The use of place and geography in wine marketing is well documented. Oklahoma, a state not often associated with producing wine, contains many wineries that use place to market their products. These wine producers construct specific and generic place-based identities that appeal to local and non-local wine consumers. In this study, we take an in-depth look at exactly how Oklahoma wineries use place and geography to market their products. We employ qualitative content analysis to evaluate the websites of 39 Oklahoma wineries, specifically focusing on graphics and text on wine labels and winery logos. Our analysis reveals the predominant themes presented on labels and logos that clearly connect the wine and/or winery to its location. Examples include noticeable links to Oklahoma historic events (e.g. Land Runs, boomer and sooner references), Native American culture, and local natural hazards (severe weather, especially tornadoes) to name a few. Importantly, the geographic scale at which most place associations occur is at the state-level. Rather than constructing more localized regional identities (e.g. based on region, which is very common), these wineries have cultivated a decidedly Oklahoman sense of place.     

Effects of climate and anthocyanin variables on the zoning of Pinot Noir wine from the Casablanca Valley

The Casablanca Valley is one of the youngest wine grape regions of the Chilean appellation of origin. The growers of this area note the presence of microclimates within the valley as one of its main features. These microclimates have historically been associated with two geographical zones: the Zona Alta and the Zona Baja. The objective of this research was to explore the effects of climate variables and anthocyanin profiles in Pinot Noir wines of the Casablanca Valley as a differentiator of productive zones. The climate variables were measured using weather stations located at different points across the valley. Wine samples from the same locations were characterised according to their anthocyanin profiles. The data were processed using analysis of variance, principal components analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis to determine differences between the two groups explored. The results indicate a strong correlation between variables and zones (98.3% R²Y), leading to the conclusion that there are significant differences between the Zona Alta and Zona Baja group. Finally, the existence of a vineyard that does not belong to the Zona Baja group suggests a reassessment should be performed of the vineyards belonging to the administrative areas defined as part of the Casablanca Valley.     

The role of light,temperature and wine bottle colour on pigment enhancement in white wine

Pigmentation enhancement in a Chardonnay wine with high flavan-3-ol concentration was examined by irradiating the wine under controlled conditions. Heating the wine in darkness required temperatures in excess of 50 °C before enhanced pigmentation became apparent. It was found that ultraviolet and, to a lesser extent, low wavelength visible light contributed to pigment production. The development of pigmentation depended on wine bottle glass colour: Flint > Arctic Blue > French Green > Antique Green. This is in agreement with the transmission characteristics of the bottles with even the darkest (Antique Green) allowing the transmission of some ultraviolet light. Riboflavin, when added to the wine, degraded rapidly when exposed to radiation <400 nm. The degradation of riboflavin and the onset of colour development depended on the actual amounts as well as the ratio of riboflavin to flavan-3-ol, suggesting that a complex series of reactions are occurring. A degradation product of riboflavin may be contributing to the increase in absorbance in the visible region observed during light exposure.     

乐山3种不同葡萄品种酿制葡萄酒品质对比分析

选用四川乐山地区3种不同葡萄品种（巨峰、夏黑、玫瑰香）为原料,采用相同的成熟工艺酿制葡萄酒,应用液液萃取-气质联用法对葡萄酒中的香味物质进行分析检测。结果表明,在3种葡萄酒中共分离鉴定出42种香味物质,其中包含酯类18种、醇类9种、酸类6种,对葡萄酒香味贡献最大的是酯类化合物,在香味物质总量中的占比均超过了43%;其中乙酸乙酯（2.467 mg/L）、辛酸乙酯（2.318 mg/L）、癸酸乙酯（1.226 mg/L）、3-甲基-2-丁醇（0.768 mg/L）、乳酸乙酯（0.768 mg/L）、己酸乙酯（0.740 mg/L）、苯乙醇（1.527 mg/L）、异戊醇（1.238 mg/L）、乙酸（1.682 mg/L）等是形成葡萄酒香味的主体成分。夏黑葡萄酒中这类化合物含量最高,与感官审评结果一致。因此,乐山地区宜选夏黑葡萄用于葡萄酒的制作。     

农业多元价值下烟台葡萄酒产业融合：发展现状与创新选择

烟台葡萄酒产业经过多年的积淀与发展,已进入产业多功能发展阶段,为强化烟台葡萄酒产业多功能性特征,推动产业融合不断深化和广化,提升乡村多元价值,该文运用规范性研究及案例分析方法,首先分析了烟台葡萄酒产业融合现状及其模式,系统阐述了烟台葡萄酒产业在经济、社会、文化、生态等层面的多功能体现,将葡萄酒产业的多功能性与产业融合的形成机制和典型融合模式相结合,构建出产业融合创新的选择矩阵表,并从经济、社会、文化、生态4个功能层面分析烟台葡萄酒产业融合的创新选择,为搭建“葡萄酒+”产业体系、发挥三次产业融合发展的乘数效应指出方向和提供路径指引。     

Factors influencing sensory quality in red wines of the variety Aghiorghitiko (Vitis vinifera L.) from Nemea

Sensory quality in wines from the indigenous Greek cultivar Aghiorghitiko of Nemea, in 2 years, was studied with multivariate modelling. The appearance, aroma and oral attributes were assessed separately using rank-rating in 13 red Nemea wines, dominated (10 of 13) by Aghiorghitiko, and headspace congeners (51) quantified by solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography. Partial least squares regression (PLS) and discriminant PLS studied relationships between sensory data and congeners, viticultural and oenological data, producers and influence of wood maturations, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) spaces for aroma (11 attributes; 64% variance, 3 PCs), congeners (51; 72%, 7 PCs) and oral characters (13 attributes; 77%, 3 PCs) showed similarities in product clustering. Modelling showed clear relationships between sensory character and plant density, wood maturation and producer, respectively. Sensory characters in Aghiorghitiko wines were primarily differentiated by oak maturation and producer influences. A part of the results of this work was presented at the Second International Symposium on the Evaluation and Exploitation of Grapes of Corresponding Terroir through Winemaking and Commercialisation of Wines, 1–3 June 2006, Santorini.     

东山老米酒酿造过程中酵母菌的分离鉴定及其品质分析

目的 本文对传统东山老米酒的发酵特性进行了比较全面研究。方法 首先利用26S rDNA序列分析法对酒曲中的酵母菌进行了分离鉴定,借助高效液相色谱法测定酒中的氨基甲酸乙酯,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析了老米酒中的风味物质,同时还用氨基酸自动分析仪测定了游离氨基酸种类。结果 分离得到的菌株有3株为酿酒酵母,1株为白色隐球菌;老米酒中氨基甲酸乙酯含量处于较低水平,尤其是陈酿中仅含0.6 mg/L;风味物质以醇、酯类为主,如苯乙醇、琥珀酸二乙酯,酯类随酒的陈化而逐渐增多;老米酒中组氨酸和精氨酸含量较高,导致酒中苦味氨基酸含量高于60%,同时氨基酸含量在陈化过程中逐渐下降。结论 东山老米酒的发酵以酵母发酵为主,发酵产生的氨基甲酸乙酯的含量处于较低水平,且随着老米酒的陈化而降低。     

中澳葡萄酒技术性贸易壁垒差异分析：标签、质检、程序

面对国内国际双循环的新格局,跨境贸易在构建适应国内国际双循环的产业体系和空间布局方面起着举足轻重的作用。该文以进口葡萄酒技术性贸易壁垒为研究对象,对比分析中澳两国在标签要求、卫生质量检验、进口管制程序上的差异,借鉴澳大利亚在国际贸易中的技术性贸易措施,为规范中国进口葡萄酒市场、加快产业建设提出可行性建议。     

Carbon footprint as an instrument for enhancing food quality: overview of the wine,olive oil and cereals sectors

The quantification of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions represents a critical issue for the future development of agro‐food produces. Consumers' behaviour could play an important role in requiring environmental performance as an essential element for food quality. Nowadays, the carbon footprint (CFP) is a tool used worldwide by agro‐food industries to communicate environmental information. This paper aims to investigate the role that CFP could have in consumers' choices in three significant agro‐food sectors in the Mediterranean area: wine, olive oil and cereals. A critical review about the use of CFP was carried out along the supply chain of these three sectors, in order to identify opportunities for enhancing food quality and environmental sustainability and highlighting how environmental information could influence consumers' preferences. The analysis of the state of the art shows a great variability of the results about GHG emissions referred to agricultural and industrial processes. In many cases, the main environmental criticisms are linked to the agricultural phase, but the other phases of the supply chain could also contribute to the increased CFP. However, despite the wide use of CFP by companies as a communication tool to help consumers' choices in agro‐food products, some improvements are needed in order to provide clearer and more understandable information. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Oenococcus oeni,a species born and moulded in wine: a critical review of the stress impacts of wine and the physiological responses

Oenococcus oeni is a lactic acid bacterium highly adapted to the stressful environment of wine, and is widely used as an industrial starter culture to conduct malolactic fermentation (MLF), the conversion of L‐malate to L‐lactate. Some cold‐climate wine regions still produce wines which prove too stressful for the application of a starter culture, resulting in sluggish or stuck MLFs which compromise the quality and stability of the wine. The literature on the three primary stress factors, low pH, ethanol and SO₂, is reviewed as well as their toxic mechanisms; possible interactions between the stress factors are also discussed. In particular, the toxic mechanisms of SO₂, an extremely inhibitory compound, are poorly understood. in vitro studies as well as in vivo studies in other prokaryotes point to numerous mechanisms which could have widespread impacts on the cell envelope, proteins and DNA in O. oeni. We also review the responses of O. oeni to these stress factors and offer a simplified model of events which cultures inoculated into particularly stressful wines may experience. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of the stress responses in recent years, many fundamental aspects still require study.     

Ozone in wineries and wine processing: A review of the benefits,application, and perspectives

Ozone (O₃) is an emerging eco-friendly technology that has been widely used in the beverage industry due to its broad spectrum of usages, such as fermentation, microbial inactivation, Clean-in-Place (CIP) systems, and postharvest treatment. Wine is among the most financially profitable sectors of the beverage industry. Ozone technology as an alternative approach to conventional methods to inhibit microbes in wine processing and wineries has attracted researchers' attention as this emerging technology will probably play important roles in wineries in the future. This review discusses the prospective applications of ozone in winemaking and wineries and elaborates on ozone's antimicrobial effects on the control of the broad spectrum of microorganisms during wine processing. Also, this paper provides discussions on its effects of O₃ on wine quality and the benefits this emerging technology can bring to wineries. Ozone treatments can improve yeast fermentation by impacting the yeast ecology of postharvested wine grapes, mainly by affecting apiculate yeasts and adjusting the population of undesirable yeasts, such as Brettanomyces spp., during the fermentation process. Furthermore, ozone treatment may enhance wine's anthocyanin concentration, physicochemical properties, color, pH, oxidative stability, and concentration of pleasant volatile compounds and esters. This article presents important information to have a better understanding of the impact of ozone treatment on different stages of wine preparation.     

Screening of native S. cerevisiae strains in the production of Pajarete wine: a tradition of Atacama Region,Chile

Pajarete is a Chilean wine with an appellation of origin. Although it has organoleptic properties, intensive utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial yeast through the years has presumably produced the loss of native strains that may be associated with Pajarete oenologic uniqueness. In order to evaluate the effect of re-incorporation of indigenous strains into Pajarete winemaking, native S. cerevisiae strains were isolated and selected based on their properties shown during small and large laboratory scale fermentation, and then evaluated in industrial bioreactors. From an initial set of 312 isolates, a single native strain was selected based on taxonomy, fermentation performance, aroma, residual sugars, and production of alcohol for incorporation into market scale.     

Effect of the region of origin on the perceived quality of olive oil: An experimental approach using a control group

This study attempts to measure the overall effect of the image of an olive oil producing region and the effect of the components of this image on consumers’ perceived quality of an olive oil. Two successive experiments were performed in two different cultural contexts (France and Tunisia). To test the overall effect of the image, a quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test type research design was developed, using a control group while the discrete choice method was used to study the effect of the components. The results confirm that the image of the product’s region of origin influences perceived overall quality regardless of the respondents’ nationality. The results partially confirm that each dimension of the image of the region of origin has a specific influence on consumers’ selection behaviors. The authors discuss the limitations of the results and the measurements commonly used to assess perceived quality.     

The production of ethylphenols in wine by yeasts of the genera Brettanomyces and Dekkera: A review

This work reviews the formation of ethylphenols (4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol) from grape hydroxycinnamic acids in aging red wines by yeasts of the genera Brettanomyces and Dekkera. The physico-chemical factors that favour the growth of these undesirable yeasts, the techniques used to detect the presence of Brettanomyces/Dekkera species in wines, and the analytical techniques for monitoring the formation of volatile ethylphenols are all described. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the different options for controlling the growth of these yeasts are discussed.     

Conventional and enzyme-assisted autolysis during ageing over lees in red wines: Influence on the release of polysaccharides from yeast cell walls and on wine monomeric anthocyanin content

HPLC with refractive index detection (HPLC/RI) was used to study the autolytic release of polysaccharides from the cell walls of six strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the commercial yeast species Sacch. uvarum in a model medium over a nine month period of ageing over lees. The effect of adding β-glucanase was also studied. In the presence of this enzyme autolysis was complete within 2–3 weeks; conventional autolysis needed to proceed for at least five months before large quantities of released polysaccharides could be detected. The final polysaccharide profile of the model medium obtained by enzyme-assisted autolysis was, however, different to that obtained by conventional autolysis, with more fragments of smaller molecular weight and a greater grouping of molecular sizes in the HPLC/RI peaks. The influence on the monomeric anthocyanin content of commercial red wines was examined by HPLC with photodiode array detection (HPLC/PDAD). Ageing over lees without enzymes appeared to have a protective effect on the total monomeric anthocyanin content, while the use of β-glucanase led to a large reduction in their concentration, probably via the undesirable activity of β-glucosidase impurities.     

Grappa quality from the Chianti and Montepulciano areas (Tuscany,Italy): monitoring the leaching of copper from distillation columns

The main aim of this work was to evaluate the leaching of copper in grappa from distillation plant that treats Cabernet and Sangiovese marcs (Montepulciano and Chianti, Tuscany). Copper content (determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS) was 1.05 ± 0.03 mg L^?1 in industrial distillates (Cabernet marc, 82.3% alcohol, v/v), and 3.7 ± 0.2 μg L^?1 in artificial grappa (62.0%, Cabernet) obtained by distilling marc in a laboratory‐scale glassware plant. The artificial grappa distillate was refluxed over copper shavings, and copper content, C_Cu, was analysed in relation to reflux time and wear of the copper bell. The results showed that C_Cu trend was almost linear with increasing alcohol concentration and constant reflux time, and vice versa. The ratios of selected volatile components were not influenced by reflux on the shavings.