A multi-objective feedback approach for evaluating sequential conceptual building design decisions

Conceptual design decision-making plays a critical role in determining life-cycle environmental impact and cost performance of buildings. Stakeholders often make these decisions without a quantitative understanding of how a particular decision will impact future choices or a project's ultimate performance. The proposed sequential decision support methodology provides stakeholders with quantitative information on the relative influence conceptual design stage decisions have on a project's life-cycle environmental impact and life-cycle cost. A case study is presented showing how the proposed methodology may be used by designers considering these performance criteria. Sensitivity analysis is performed on thousands of computationally generated building alternatives. Results are presented in the form of probabilistic distributions showing the degree to which each decision helps in achieving a given performance criterion. The method provides environmental impact and cost feedback throughout the sequential building design process, thereby guiding designers in creating low-carbon, low-cost buildings at the conceptual design phase.     

Decision‐making in a model‐based design process

Decisions early in the design process have a big impact on the life cycle performance of a building. The outcome of a construction project can be improved if different design options can rapidly be analysed to assist the client and design team in making informed decisions in the design process. A model‐based design approach can facilitate the decision‐making process if the design alternatives' performances can be evaluated and compared. A decision‐making framework using a performance‐based design process in the early design phase is proposed. It is developed to support decision‐makers to take informed decisions regarding the life cycle performance of a building. A scenario is developed in order to demonstrate the proposed framework of evaluating the different design alternatives' energy performance. The framework is applicable to decision‐making in a structured design process, where design alternatives consisting of both objective and subjective evaluation criteria can be evaluated.     

建筑防火的性能设计及其规范

建筑防火的性能化设计是建立在火灾安全学基础上的一种全新的理性化的设计思想。它运用现代科学的方法，对建筑防火设施系统应该达到的性能目标和工作状况，以及火灾的危险和导致的后果进行定性，定时地预测与评估，以使建筑物得到最佳的防火设计方案和最好的防火保护。本文综述了性能化设计的概念，性能设计的框架体系体系和评估方法等问题。     

Fire Safety Measures in Historic Buildings for University Use

The paper summarises the results of an investigation intended to develop guidelines for implementing fire safety measures in historic buildings converted to university use, and which can be utilised in making design decisions and assessing project feasibility. In particular, the paper focuses on the relationships between a building's historical type, the applicable regulatory and performance requirements, and the design solutions that can be adopted in a given situation. The examples of such solutions provided in the paper, which regard functional requirements as well as those for fire safety, accessibility and utilities systems, are drawn from an analysis of recent case studies of historic building conversion to university use, evaluating the design approaches which were adopted and possible alternatives. In addition, the paper presents a series of parametric appraisals of the typical costs incurred in construction and utilities installation, together with a discussion of the development and application of a risk analysis method which can be used to evaluate the overall performance of specific design solutions or construction situations.     

某影城性能化消防设计中火灾场景分析与确定

指出建筑火灾性能化评估中火灾场景设定的有关要素,并指出应根据建筑火灾特点及火灾危险性进行分析,依据火灾发生与发展的基本要素以及影响火灾发展过程的各种消防措施和环境条件设定火灾场景。以某影城实际设计为例,通过不同的火灾场景设置,分析其达到安全疏散性能的要求。     

Professionals’ knowledge and use of environmental assessment in an architectural competition

In early design phases, architects, landscape architects and urban planners are key actors whose decisions determine the environmental impact of planning and building projects. Environmental and sustainability assessment tools for buildings and neighbourhoods have been developed to promote sustainable building, but their usage has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study investigated self-reported knowledge and usage of such tools among competitors and jury group from 10 European countries involved in the international architectural competition ‘A New City Centre for Kiruna’ in Sweden. The questionnaire revealed that 13% used environmental assessment tools or management systems in the competition, although 47% had used them previously. Tool users reported greater knowledge of how to handle environmental impacts than non-users. However, the self-rated experience of handling various environmental impacts, in the competition and in general, was low for both groups. Nevertheless, the self-rated importance of environmental impacts was high among all participants. Based on this study, it is concluded that environmental assessment tools, issues and goals can be better integrated into the processes of early design in planning and building projects, and in architectural competitions. Furthermore, to limit environmental impacts in building and planning projects, professionals need to be educated about environmental strategies and solutions.     

性能化设计在大空间展览建筑疏散设计中的应用

针对目前大空间展览建筑防火设计中遇到的人员疏散与使用功能之间的矛盾,结合实际工程项目,介绍利用性能化设计进行评估的思路方法和解决方案,即通过计算机软件建立建筑火灾和人员疏散模型,模拟火灾和人员疏散的进程,对比危险来临时间与人员疏散时间之间的关系,得出评估结论.     

城市消防站建筑设计探讨

城市消防站作为一项重要的城市基础设施,为城市生产、生活等各项经济社会活动的正常进行提供着安全保障。消防站布局是否合理直接关系到消防部队出警的效率,该文讨论了在城市规划中如何让消防站合理布局,优化建筑自身设计,以便于更好地提升城市消防的安全性能和经济性。     

The process of fire safety design—development ofFire Engineering Guidelines in Australia

Australia is quickly moving toward adopting performance-based regulations for building fire safety. This approach offers owners and designers more flexibility, greater opportunity for innovation, and more cost-effective construction.To help introduce a performance approach, the Fire Code Reform Centre has developedFire Engineering Guidelines, which document an agreed methodology for performance-based design and draws on earlier Australian research and similar developments in a number of countries.The guidelines are the first step in a broader research program to develop a full risk assessment methodology as the basis for fire safety design in Australia.     

建筑防火性能化设计中火灾场景的设定

性能化防火设计方法的应用为我国建筑防火设计领域中的有关难题提供了较为科学合理的解决方案，同时也对设计者提出了更高的要求。设计者对设计过程、方法以及工具有一个比较深入全面地认识，是保证建筑防火设计安全合理的基本前提之一。通过对建筑防火性能化设计的火灾场景问题进行探讨，以求科学地认识和理解性能化防火设计方法，促进性能化防火设计方法在在我国建筑防火设计领域的健康发展。     

大空间公共建筑消防设计难点及对策探讨

在大空间公共建筑的建设过程当中,消防安全设计一直是一个永恒的课题。本文从大空间建筑的特点出发,简要分析了消防设计中的重点与难点,并针对不同的难点提出了相应的解决措施,希望给我国的大空间公共建筑消防设计带来一定的帮助。     

Method and simulation program informed decisions in the early stages of building design

The early stages of building design include a number of decisions which have a strong influence on the performance of the building throughout the rest of the process. It is therefore important that designers are aware of the consequences of these design decisions. This paper presents a method for making informed decisions in the early stages of building design to fulfil performance requirements with regard to energy consumption and indoor environment. The method is operationalised in a program that utilises a simple simulation program to make performance predictions of user-defined parameter variations. The program then presents the output in a way that enables designers to make informed decisions. The method and the program reduce the need for design iterations, reducing time consumption and construction costs, to obtain the intended energy performance and indoor environment.     

某半地下公共建筑消防设计方案

以陕西宾馆会议中心负一层安全出口不符合规范要求、疏散距离超标的问题为例,提出半地下公共建筑消防设计的性能化解决方法,即设置亚安全区.借助FDS模拟建筑内假定的火灾过程,得出火灾到达危险状态的时间,同时借助人员疏散模拟软件Pathfinder对模拟建筑内人员疏散情况,得出人员疏散所需时间.模拟结果表明,亚安全区可以做为人员安全疏散暂时避难场所,在超出规范要求的条件下,经过消防措施的加强提高其安全性能,既能满足设计需要,又能保障消防安全.     

Addressing construction worker safety in the design phase: Designing for construction worker safety

Facility designers can positively influence construction site safety by integrating safety considerations into the design process. Although their potential influence on safety has been documented, designers typically lack knowledge of and limit their involvement in construction worker safety. This research effort involved the accumulation of suggestions for improving construction worker safety while in the design phase. Using these design suggestions, a design tool has been developed to assist designers in identifying project-specific safety hazards and to provide best practices to eliminate the hazards. Although use of the design tool is voluntary in the United States, it is one resource which can be used by designers to fulfill their obligations required by the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations in UK.     

Shared conceptual model for the building envelope design process

The lack of communication and co-ordination among designers during the building envelope design process results in sub-optimal solutions leading to inadequate performance. To reverse this trend and to achieve better performance of the building envelope, professionals must be provided with computer integrated design tools which facilitate communication between participants and improve the transfer of data throughout the design process. This article presents a shared conceptual model that would enable integration in the building envelope design process. The wealth of data is organized into major envelope entities which are then decomposed into cohesive sets of data called primitives to form the conceptual model. Such a conceptual model should facilitate data exchange between design tasks, improve communications among designers and support the growth of data as the design process unfolds. The resulting conceptual model is implemented as a shared central database in an object-oriented database management system to experiment with integration.     

Enhancing Building Fire Safety Performance by Reducing Miscommunication and Misconceptions

Building fire safety is driven by regulations and technical building codes, at least as a minimum requirement. As fire protection engineers (FPEs) design fire safety measures based on requirements in the regulations, they are often viewed as the primary agents in ensuring the fire safety of buildings. However, their mission often starts with given building design features, such as interior spatial layout, exterior shape, site plan, and so forth, which are mostly determined by architects. The only exception is where the FPE is invited to assist in the project planning, feasibility and early concept design stages of a project. Regardless, architects also can influence building fire safety performance, whether or not they explicitly acknowledge or understand this. Although architects design buildings within the boundaries of the regulatory requirements, the architect’s focus is often related to the visual and spatial aesthetics of buildings linked to building form and functionality, which are not subject to the regulations. These aesthetics can sometimes compete with fire safety objectives. As such, buildings can be unsafe in certain situations due to unintended effects of building design features on actual fire safety performance. This research describes the relationship between architecturally conceived building design features, design expectations for fire safety systems, and the actual or conceivable fire safety performance of the building. Steps are proposed that FPEs can take to identify and address potentially competing objectives and deliver increased fire safety performance.     

Geometry-based graphical methods for solar control in architecture: A digital framework

The form of a building is among the most critical design aspects concerning building energy consumption. Form-based passive design strategies, like solar control, can significantly reduce heating and cooling demands if implemented early in the design process. In this sense, there is an evident need for tools that can adequately support designers in their decisions. This paper aims to illustrate how geometry-based graphical methods (GGM) can provide effective support in the conceptual design stage. The paper introduces a novel digital framework for designing and analysing shading devices that leverages geometrical models and graphical methods. The digital implementation of GGM allows extending their applicability to three-dimensional and non-planar geometries. A comprehensive review of existing methods and tools for the design of shading devices lays the ground for the proposed digital framework, which is then demonstrated through two case studies. The results show that the diagrammatic nature of GGM facilitates a better and more direct understanding of the relationship between form and performance.     

建筑信息模型的发展及其在设计中的应用

在建筑牛命周期的三个主要阶段(设计、施工和管理),建筑信息模型BIM(Building Information Modeling)对于促进数据信息交换与共享,加快决策速度,降低项目成本和提高产品质量等方面起到了非常重要的作用.建筑设计是一个从无到有、反复修改的过程,随着超高层、超大跨度建筑以及特大跨度桥梁等大型复杂土木工程在我国的相继发展,设计者贯彻信息模型理念显得越来越重要.本文在介绍建筑信息模型相关发展的基础上,阐述了信息模型在协同设计中的作用,期待能够促进建筑信息模型在上程设计行业的运用.