Optimal Automatic Generation Control of Asynchronous Power Systems Using Output Feedback Control Strategy with Dynamic Participation of Wind Turbines

Abstract—This article presents the design of optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators for an interconnected power system with dynamic participation of doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines. The power systems consist of plants with hydro-thermal turbines and are interconnected via parallel AC/DC links. Efforts have been made to propose optimal automatic generation control regulators based on feedback of output state variables, which are easily accessible and available for the measurement. The designed optimal output feedback automatic generation control regulators are implemented, and the system dynamic responses for various system states are obtained considering 1% load perturbation in one of the areas. The dynamic performance is compared with that obtained with optimal automatic generation control regulators designed using full state vector feedback. The pattern of closed-loop eigenvalues is also determined to test the system stability.     

Hybrid Taguchi Genetic Algorithm-Based AGC Controller for Multisource Interconnected Power System

This article presents hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm (HTGA) tuned automatic generation controller for two areas interconnected multisource power system model. The control areas consist of thermal, hydro, and doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants. The optimal tuning of AGC controller using genetic algorithm is less robust due to larger standard deviation of the fitness values. Therefore, Taguchi method which is based on modified statistical approach and has systematic reasoning ability is used to enhance the performance of genetic algorithm. The simulation study is carried out with the optimum gains of AGC controller obtained from HTGA, conventional GA and conventional techniques. The dynamic stability of the power system model is examined to analyze the performance of the HTGA technique. From investigations it is quite clear that the optimum gains of AGC system obtained from HTGA technique has better response in the dynamic stability of the interconnected multisource power system as compared to genetic algorithm and conventional technique.     

Sub-optimal automatic generation control of interconnected power system using constrained feedback control strategy

This paper presents sub-optimal AGC regulator designs for a 2-area interconnected power system using constrained feedback control strategy. The power system with identical thermal plants consisting of non-reheat thermal turbines interconnected via parallel AC/DC links is considered for the investigations. The formulation of optimal AGC problem involves solution of non-linear matrix equations, which requires an appropriate computational technique to yield a solution with high speed and accuracy. The implementation of optimal AGC regulator requires monitoring of all the state variables of the system or state reconstruction, which may be undesirable from cost and complexity considerations. Due to these limitations of optimal AGC regulators, sub-optimal AGC regulators are designed based on the constrained feedback control strategy using the feedback of system states which are accessible and available for measurement. Different structures of state cost weighting matrix ‘Q’ are also considered in the study. The power system dynamic performance is analyzed based on time response plots achieved with the implementation of designed optimal and sub-optimal AGC regulators in the wake of 1% load disturbance in one of the areas.     

An investigation on interarea mode oscillations of interconnected power systems with integrated wind farms

The ever-increasing penetration of wind power integration into a power system can produce significant impacts on the operation of an interconnected power system. As the major energy conversion technology for large wind turbines, the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) will play an important role in future power systems. Hence, the impacts of the DFIG on the low-frequency oscillations of interconnected power systems have become an important issue with extensive concerns. This paper examines the impacts of several factors, including the DFIG transmission distance, tie-line power of the interconnected system, DFIG capacity, with/without a power system stabilizer (PSS), on the low frequency oscillation characteristic of an interconnected power system using both eigenvalue analysis and dynamic simulations. To investigate the effects of these factors on the interarea oscillation mode, case studies are carried out on two two-area interconnected power systems, and some conclusions are obtained.     

Performance and efficiency control enhancement of wind power generation system based on DFIG using three-level sparse matrix converter

Nowadays, the power generation systems based on wind turbines is increasing continuously in the world. Hence, there are intense efforts provided by researchers for the development of this area. In high power system applications, multilevel converters are a competitive alternative to the two-level inverters. In this paper, a three-level sparse matrix converter (SMC3l) associated to a grid connected variable speed wind generation (VSWG) scheme using a doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) is investigated. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of a wind generator, including models of the wind turbine, DFIG, SMC3l control algorithm and power control is studied. Simulation results of the dynamic models of the wind generator are presented, for different operating modes sub-synchronous, synchronous and hyper-synchronous, to show the good performance and the efficiency control enhancement of the VSWG system using the proposed SMC3l.     

双馈异步风力发电机组运行特性仿真分析

在分析双馈异步风力发电机组整体模型结构的基础上,引入了交流励磁变速恒频风力发电系统中基于定子磁链定向和定子电压定向的矢量变换控制技术,针对双馈风力发电机的变速恒频、最大风能捕获和有功无功解耦运行的需求,建立基于PSCAD/EMTDC软件的双馈异步风力发电机组仿真模型.仿真结果验证了模型在实现追踪最大风能的变化和有功、无功解耦控制功能上的有效性.     

Model and Performance of Current Sensor Observers for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator

Abstract—This article presents a stator and rotor current observer for a doubly fed induction generator. First, the dynamic models of the wind turbine drive train are presented, and the vector control strategies of a doubly fed induction generator for the rotor-side and grid-side converters are described. A stator and rotor current observer model, which is based on the state–space models of doubly fed induction generators, is then derived by using the stator and rotor voltage signals as inputs. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed current observer, its dynamic performance is simulated using a MATLAB/Simulink software platform under the conditions of active power change of doubly fed induction generators and grid voltage dip fault. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed current observer is investigated when the doubly fed induction generator rotor resistance is changed. Results show that the proposed observer has good coherence and robustness with the current sensor output when the doubly fed induction generator is in dynamic and transient responses. Compared with the referenced bilinear observer, the proposed observer has better fault-tolerant ability when the fault in the observed current sensor occurs.     

含不同风电机组的风电电网仿真研究

为了研究包含恒速异步风力发电机和双馈异步风力发电机的风电场对电网的影响,应用Matlab 7.0建立了含不同风电机组的风电场动态模型。分析了风电场对电网暂态稳定性的影响,风电机组电压恢复情况,有功、无功变化情况,以及不同风电机组的低电压穿越能力。仿真结果表明：双馈异步风力发电机变速平稳、低电压穿越能力较强,有利于优化电能质量;当电网发生故障时,应针对不同的风电机组采取不同的控制策略以提高电力系统稳定性。     

双馈感应变速恒频风力发电机控制系统研究

结合双PWM变换器、双馈感应发电机和矢量控制技术的优点,根据双馈感应发电机的数学模型,建立了双馈感应变速恒频风力发电机矢量变换控制系统框图,并对系统进行了实验研究,获得了良好的控制性能,得出该系统能够在变风速的情况下最大程度地获得风能,提高发电质量.     

集成服务环境下风电并网的无功调节(一)无功调节

依据风电功率预测和地区系统无功优化运行方案,计算风电机组电气控制参考值,通过每台风电机控制器和变频器调节风电场注入系统的无功功率。提出了集成服务环境下风电场的无功调节策略,介绍了风电数据采集与监控（SCADA）系统的功率预测过程和参数整定过程。以基于双馈异步发电机的变速恒频风电机组为例,介绍了风电机组无功调节的实现方案。     

不平衡电压下双馈发电系统控制策略

由于风力资源分布的特点,许多风电机组被安装在比较偏远的地区,这些地区的电网通常比较薄弱,经常发生不对称运行的情况。若在控制中不予考虑,会引起发电系统有功和无功的脉动。文中基于对称分量理论,建立了不平衡电压下双馈发电机和网侧变流器的数学模型,分析了负序电压对传统双馈发电系统矢量控制策略的影响,并据此提出了一种基于比例谐振调节器的矢量控制策略。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法可有效抑制电磁转矩、无功功率和直流母线电压的脉动,实现双馈发电系统在不平衡电压下的稳定运行。     

Automatic Generation Control in an Interconnected Power System Incorporating Diverse Source Power Plants Using Bacteria Foraging Optimization Technique

This article presents automatic generation control (AGC) of a two-area interconnected power system with diverse energy sources using the bacteria foraging optimization technique. The control areas of interconnected power systems consist of hydro, thermal, and gas power plants. In this study, the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) structures of AGC regulators are designed for various case studies identified herein. An artificial intelligent optimization algorithm using the modeling behavior of E. Coli bacteria present in human intestines, is applied to tune the gains of PID structured AGC regulators. The closed-loop system dynamic response plots are obtained with designed AGC regulators for various power system models. The effectiveness of the proposed AGC regulators is demonstrated in the wake of a 1% step load disturbance in one of the control areas. It has been shown that the system dynamic responses subject to a step load disturbance are superior over other power plant combinations in a control area with only thermal and gas power plants participating in the AGC schemes, and it is sluggish/poor when only hydro power plants participated in the AGC scheme as one of the diverse sources in the power system.     

AGC of a multi-area multi-source hydrothermal power system interconnected via AC/DC parallel links under deregulated environment

This paper proposes the automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected multi-area multi-source hydrothermal power system under deregulated environment. The two equal control areas with hydro and thermal generating power sources are interconnected via AC/DC parallel links. The optimal proportional integral (PI) regulators are designed for the proposed power system to simulate all power market transactions which are possible in a restructured power system. The concept of DISCO participation matrix (DPM) is harnessed to simulate the transactions. Eigenvalue study is conducted to assess the effect of AC/DC parallel links on system performance. The study is also conducted, considering appropriate generation rate constraints (GRCs) for thermal and hydro generating sources. Further, the dynamic responses of the proposed multi-source hydrothermal power system are compared with single-source thermal–thermal power system and it has been ascertained that the responses of proposed power system are sluggish with large overshoots and settling times. Finally, the study is extended to frame and implement optimal PI regulators for the first time for the AGC of a conventional two-area non-reheat thermal power system with governor dead-band nonlinearity. The superiority of the optimal PI regulators has been established by comparing the results with recently published best claimed craziness based particle swarm optimization (CRAZYPSO) and hybrid bacterial foraging optimization algorithm-particle swarm optimization (hBFOA-PSO) algorithms based PI controller tuned for the same interconnected power system.     

风电机组对电力系统暂态稳定性影响分析

风电机组作为环境友好型发电的最大来源在电网中的规模日益扩大,必将影响电力系统的稳定性。文章首先对比了恒速异步(CSWT),双馈变速(DFIG)及直驱同步(DDSG)等市场上广为应用的三种风电机组的结构,分析了各个机组的降阶数学模型;通过一款基于Matlab的电力系统分析工具箱PSAT研究了不同故障持续时间下的风电机组暂态稳定性和系统暂态稳定性,对三种机组及其系统的暂态稳定性进行了分析对比;最后讨论了风力发电机组参数对机组暂态稳定性的影响,得知,发电机参数Rr的增加和Xr、Xs的减小有利于恒速风电机组暂态稳定性的提高,Xm、Rs对机组暂态稳定性影响不明显。     

几种变速恒频风力发电系统控制方案的对比分析

阐明了为最大限度利用风能,风力发电系统应采用变速恒频控制策略,并分析了变速恒频风力发电系统中功率转换子系统的主要组成环节。对4种分别采用笼型异步发电机、交流励磁双馈发电机、无刷双馈发电机和永磁发电机的变速恒频风力发电系统进行了性能对比分析。     

双馈风力发电机组及其低电压穿越技术的研究

双馈风力发电机组是风力发电机型中的主流机型,从双馈电机的基本工作原理出发,建立了双馈发电机的数学模型,并对其在风速发生变化时进行仿真.利用其定子磁链定向对其进行矢量控制,分析了双馈电机转矩和功率独立调节的基本原理.研究了双馈风电机组在电网故障时其运行情况,通过硬件方法使双馈风电机组具有更强的低电压穿越能力.就是在电网出...     

双馈变速风电机组频率控制的仿真研究

双馈变速风电机组采用双脉宽调制（PWM）变流器实现电磁与机械的解耦控制,这也使得双馈变速风电机组对系统频率变化的响应降低。文中以双馈变速风电机组模型为基础,根据双馈变速风电机组控制特点和控制过程,在电力系统仿真软件DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中增加了频率控制环节,在系统频率变化时,双馈变速风电机组通过释放或者吸收转子中的一部分动能,相应增加或者减少有功出力,实现了风电机组的频率控制。仿真结果证明了频率控制环节的有效性和实用性,并证明了通过增加附加频率控制环节,风电场能够在一定程度上参与系统频率调整。     

基于双馈风电机组的分布式动态无功支撑系统

充分挖掘风电机组的无功电压调节能力对改善电力系统的电压稳定性有重要意义。首先定量分析了实际商用双馈风电机组的无功调节能力及限制因素,指出双馈风电机组具备较强的无功功率输出和吸收能力。继而提出了一种利用双馈风电机组的电力系统分布式动态无功支撑系统的构想及其实现方案。该系统可充分发挥双馈风电机组的动态无功调节能力,有效提高电力系统的动态无功储备,并显著改善双馈风电机组接入电网的电压稳定性。实际浙江电网的仿真结果验证了该技术的可行性和有效性。     

基于PSCAD/EMTDC的双馈式变速恒频风电机组动态模型仿真

以电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC为平台,应用电机矢量控制原理与比例-积分调节器串联校正等方法建立基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组控制系统模型,并将该模型与PSCAD/EMTDC模型库中的已有模型相结合,形成基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组动态模型。依据变速风电机组的运行特性对该模型进行校验并验证其有效性,该模型为研究基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组的工作特性提供了新的手段。     

基于功率跟踪优化的双馈风力发电机组虚拟惯性控制技术

基于电力电子换流器并网的变速恒频风力发电机组对电力系统的惯性几乎没有贡献,这将成为风电场大规模接入电网之后面临的新问题。在分析双馈风电机组运行特性和控制策略的基础上,研究双馈机组的虚拟转动惯量与转速调节及电网频率变化的关系,提出双馈风电机组的虚拟惯性控制策略。该控制策略通过检测电网频率变化来调节最大功率跟踪曲线,从而释放双馈机组"隐藏"的动能,对电网提供动态频率支持。通过对含20%风电装机容量的3机系统的仿真分析,验证该控制策略在系统出现功率不平衡后,能够利用双馈风电机组的虚拟惯量使风电场具备对系统频率快速响应的能力,从而提高了基于双馈风电机组的大规模风电场接入电网后的电力系统频率稳定性。