污泥间接干燥过程的实验研究

污泥间接干燥是以热传导为传热方式的干燥过程。采用楔形桨叶式干燥机进行污泥干燥实验,研究了污泥的间接干燥过程,测得了污泥在干燥机不同位置的温度及其相应的含水率,验证了污泥的间接干燥过程遵循预热阶段、恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段的一般规律,获得了不同转速下污泥干燥过程的平均传热系数,且平均传热系数随着搅拌转速的提高而增大。     

沉浸竖板式低温海水换热器的设计与应用分析

沉浸竖板式换热器适用于低温海水在换热过程中换热器表面结冰等工况。介绍了该换热器的结构和工作过程,给出了计算其海水侧、载冷剂侧传热膜系数及其结构尺寸的公式。针对一20 kW热负荷的实例进行了具体的设计计算,并分析了实际应用中需考虑的因素。     

The Drying of Sludge in a Cyclone Dryer Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

A control volume-based technique implemented in FLUENT (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package was applied along with the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) to simulate the flow pattern and heat and mass transfer processes for sludge material in a large-scale cyclone dryer. The drying characteristics of sludge at the dryer inlet were obtained from a previous study on the drying of sludge in a large-scale pneumatic dryer. User-defined subroutines were added to extend FLUENT's capability to account for mixture properties and to simulate the constant and falling rate drying periods. The convective heat and mass transfer coefficients were modeled using published correlations for Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of gas-phase velocity and temperature on the final product outcome. Numerical predictions for the multiphase flow hydrodynamics showed a highly diluted region in the dryer core and a higher concentration of particles close to the wall region, an indication of nonuniform distribution of particles at a cross-sectional area. The numerical predictions for the hydrodynamic profiles qualitatively depicted the flow behavior natural to these designs. The work demonstrated the successful application of CFD in the design stage of a combined pneumatic-cyclone dryer model.     

Experimental Validation of the Heat and Mass Transfer Model for Convective Drying

The aim of this article is to present a self-consistent mathematical model describing the heat and mass transfer phenomena during the convective drying both in the constant and in the falling drying rate periods. This general model is developed on the basis of the theory of mixtures and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The boundary conditions are formulated and the numerical algorithm enabling calculation of the temperature and the drying curves in the two mentioned periods of drying is constructed. In this paper much effort is devoted to the experimental validation of the model. The convective drying of a cylindrical sample made of kaolin was examined both experimentally and numerically for comparison and the distribution of temperature and the drying curves were determined. A very good agreement of the experimental and theoretical results is stated.     

Numerical Modeling of Moisture and Temperature Distribution within a Rectangular Bagasse Layer Undergoing Drying

In this work, a numerical two-dimensional model using the finite volume method, which predicts the temperature and moisture distribution of the moist rectangular bagasse layer undergoing drying, is developed. During the drying process, variable heat and mass transfer coefficients are considered. The flow fields are numerically predicted using a commercial CFD package, Fluent. The temperature and moisture distributions under transient conditions are obtained, which determine both heat and moisture transport inside the material. The validation of the model is carried out by comparing the predicted mean moisture content values with those obtained experimentally. The comparison of the numerical and experimental result shows good agreement up to 8%.     

A Numerical and Experimental Study of Natural Convective Heat and Mass Transfer from a Vertical Porous Plate

ABSTRACT

A finite difference scheme for solving the problem of natural transport of heat, mass, momentum and species concentration along vertical porous plates is presented. Several drying related problems are numerically solved, by including a gas-injection boundary condition directly into the governing equations. The effect of variable physical properties is investigated by means of direct comparison against experimental data obtained through holographic interferometry. The relative importance of wall diffusive and convective fluxes is examined. Sherwood and Nusselt numbers can be accurately obtained by means of the proposed techniques.     

A Numerical and Experimental Study of Natural Convective Heat and Mass Transfer from a Vertical Porous Plate

A finite difference scheme for solving the problem of natural transport of heat, mass, momentum and species concentration along vertical porous plates is presented. Several drying related problems are numerically solved, by including a gas-injection boundary condition directly into the governing equations. The effect of variable physical properties is investigated by means of direct comparison against experimental data obtained through holographic interferometry. The relative importance of wall diffusive and convective fluxes is examined. Sherwood and Nusselt numbers can be accurately obtained by means of the proposed techniques.     

A Simulation Study on Convection and Microwave Drying of Different Food Products

Abstract

It is now well recognized that matching the external drying condition with the drying kinetics of a material can lead to substantial savings of energy and in the case of heat-sensitive products, even to higher quality product. In this work, the effect of convection and microwave heat input and other product parameters on the batch drying characteristics of model materials, potato and carrot slabs, whose thermo-physical data are readily available in the literature, was modeled using a one dimensional liquid diffusion model. The influence of various thermo-physical properties of the product in drying of heat-sensitive materials was quantitatively assessed. Heat of wetting, temperature and moisture dependent effective diffusivity and thermal conductivity are considered in this model. The effect of moisture diffusivity on drying using convection and a microwave field is simulated in view of the interest in predicting the drying performance by simplified method. Conditions under which the drying rate is controlled by the external drying conditions and the internal thermo-physical properties of the product are computed and discussed.     

A Simulation Study on Convection and Microwave Drying of Different Food Products

It is now well recognized that matching the external drying condition with the drying kinetics of a material can lead to substantial savings of energy and in the case of heat-sensitive products, even to higher quality product. In this work, the effect of convection and microwave heat input and other product parameters on the batch drying characteristics of model materials, potato and carrot slabs, whose thermo-physical data are readily available in the literature, was modeled using a one dimensional liquid diffusion model. The influence of various thermo-physical properties of the product in drying of heat-sensitive materials was quantitatively assessed. Heat of wetting, temperature and moisture dependent effective diffusivity and thermal conductivity are considered in this model. The effect of moisture diffusivity on drying using convection and a microwave field is simulated in view of the interest in predicting the drying performance by simplified method. Conditions under which the drying rate is controlled by the external drying conditions and the internal thermo-physical properties of the product are computed and discussed.     

连续锦纶干燥塔的数学模型研究及数值仿真

针对某干燥塔的结构特点及运行过程中传热传质特性,建立了该干燥塔中干燥过程的传热传质微分模型,并用试验数据验证其合理性。运用经典龙格库塔法获得该模型的数值结果,分析了传热传质过程中干燥氮气温湿度和锦纶切片温湿度沿塔高的分布情况。通过仿真优化操作条件,提高了干燥塔的干燥能力。     

Coupling CFD and Diffusion Models for Analyzing the Convective Drying Behavior of a Single Rice Kernel

The drying behavior of a single rice kernel subjected to convective drying was analyzed numerically by solving heat and moisture transfer equations using a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and diffusion model. The transfer coefficients were computed simultaneously with the external flow field and the internal diffusive field of the grain. The model was validated using results of a thin-layer drying experiments from the literature. The effects of velocity and temperature of the drying air on the rice kernel were analyzed. It was found that the air temperature was the major variable that affected the drying rate of the rice kernel. The initial drying rates (in first 20 min) were 7, 12, and 19% per hour at inlet air temperatures of 30, 45, and 60 ^° C, respectively. Important temperature gradients within the grain existed only in the first few minutes of the drying process. The moisture content gradients reached a maximum value of 11.7% (db) mm ^?1 at approximately 45 min along the short axis in the thickness direction. The variation in the inlet air velocity showed a minor effect on the drying rate of the rice kernel. The heat and mass transfer coefficients varied from 16.57 to 203.46 W·m ^?2·K ^?1 and from 0.0160 to 0.1959 m·s ^?1, respectively. The importance of the computation of the transfer coefficients with the heat and mass transfer model is demonstrated.     

纳米流体黏度和流变特性的试验研究

对纳米流体黏度和流变特性的研究有助于揭示纳米流体强化传热和传质过程的机理。选用无水乙醇为基液,应用两步法制备了稳定性良好的纳米流体,采用CPE40锥板式黏度计测量了不同纳米粒子、体积份额、粒子粒径和温度下的纳米流体的黏度,分析了黏度随这些因素的变化规律。结果表明,纳米流体黏度随纳米粒子体积份额的增加而增大,随纳米粒子粒径的增大而减小,随温度的增加而降低,且这些因素对不同纳米流体黏度的影响不同。此外,还用Brookfield DVⅢ＋LVDV-E流变仪测量了不同纳米流体的流变曲线,结果表明,在所配制的体积份额内,各纳米流体的黏度不随剪切速率的变化而变化,为典型的牛顿型流体。     

Performance Study of a Closed-Type Heat Pump Tumble Dryer Using a Simulation Model and an Experimental Set-Up

In the interests of competitiveness, manufactures of tumble dryers are seeking to reduce both their electricity use and the drying time. This study examines how the cylinder volume of the compressor and the total heat transfer of the condenser influence the drying time and electricity use in a heat pump tumble dryer. A transient simulation model was developed and compared to an experimental set-up with good similarity. The simulations show that increasing the cylinder volume of the compressor by 50% decreases the drying time by 14% without using more electricity.     

Status and Developments of Drying Low Rank Coal with Superheated Steam in China

Superheated steam drying (SSD) of low rank coal (LRC) is applied to improve the heating value and thermal efficiency and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the danger of spontaneous combustion. It is essential to understand the fundamental aspects of drying LRC with superheated steam supported by funds in China and the development of clean coal technology. It is also important to promote the level of scientific technology relevant to safe energy strategies. The background of SSD based on China's unique energy structure and coal production situation are presented in this article. A comprehensive overview on progress and mechanisms of SSD is provided, including the status of drying technology supported by funds in China, distribution of project field and important research institutions, physical and chemical structure of water in coal, heat and mass transfer processes, mathematical models, and some results for wood, food, hot gas, etc., with particular reference to SSD in drying of LRC in China. There are still many challenges in the application of SSD of LRC in very large-scale power plants, drying equipment, and control technology. Advanced SSD sponsored by the fund project in China shows important significance to energy savings and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.     

Simulation of the High Temperature Drying of a Pasty Product: On the Influence of the Local Air Flow and the Thermal Radiation

This article deals with modeling and simulation of the industrial drying and calcination of a previously centrifuged pasty product. An experimental approach of this product is first carried out in terms of both product solvent content and product temperature during drying; using a previously designed devoted drying pilot system. An empirical model describing the product drying kinetics as a function of the industrial relevant controlled parameters is then derived. This model is based on the distinction of the convective power and radiative power supplies influence on the isenthalpic drying mass flux value; for this reason, it is suitable to up-scale the experimental product drying behavior from the pilot geometry to the industrial drier-calcinator geometry. This up-scaling approach, when combined with a classic mass and energy drying model, leads to derive a predictive tool for the product evolution in this industrial system.     

Experimental study and simulation of vibrated fluidized bed drying

The paper addresses numerical simulation for the case of convective drying of seeds (fine-grained materials) in a vibrated fluidized bed, analyzing agreement between the numerical results and the results of corresponding experimental investigation. In the simulation model of unsteady simultaneous one-dimensional heat and mass transfer between gas phase and dried material during drying process it is assumed that the gas-solid interface is at thermodynamic equilibrium, while the drying rate (evaporated moisture flux) of the specific product is calculated by applying the concept of a “drying coefficient”. Mixing of the particles in the case of vibrated fluidized bed is taken into account by means of the diffusion term in the differential equations, using an effective particle diffusion coefficient. Model validation was done on the basis of the experimental data obtained with narrow fraction of poppy seeds characterized by mean equivalent particle diameter (d_S,d = 0.75 mm), re-wetted with required (calculated) amount of water up to the initial moisture content (X₀ = 0.54) for all experiments. Comparison of the drying kinetics, both experimental and numerical, has shown that higher gas (drying agent) temperatures, as well as velocities (flow-rates), induce faster drying. This effect is more pronounced for deeper beds, because of the larger amount of wet material to be dried using the same drying agent capacity. Bed temperature differences along the bed height, being significant inside the packed bed, are almost negligible in the vibrated fluidized bed, for the same drying conditions, due to mixing of particles. Residence time is shorter in the case of a vibrated fluidized bed drying compared to a packed bed drying.     

Experimental Study and Mass Transport Modeling of Ethanol Separation from Aqueous Solutions by Pervaporation

Abstract

Polydimethylsiloxane pervaporation membrane was employed to remove ethanol from aqueous solutions. The influences of feed flow rate, temperature, permeate-side pressure, and ethanol concentration on the membrane performance were investigated. The feed flow rate was shown to have no significant effect on either flux or ethanol selectivity whereas the feed concentration, temperature, and permeate-side pressure had highly significant effects. Sorption and desorption experiments were also performed to provide data for analysis of mass transport based on resistance-in-series model. The analysis of transport resistances revealed that the mass transport of the system was controlled by the transport resistance of components in the membrane active layer.     

Numerical Study of the Effect of Methane Combustion on Heat and Mass Transfer and Friction in the Boundary Layer

Calculation results are presented for laminar and turbulent boundary-layer flows on a porous plate with methane injection and combustion. The mathematical model is based on the boundary-layer approximation. Combustion was simulated by one global finite-rate reaction and the kinetic mechanism of hydrogen and carbon oxide afterburning. It is shown that injection and combustion in laminar and turbulent flows lead to more intense displacement of the flow away from the wall than in the case of injection into an isothermal flow, which decreases the friction drag and heat and diffusion fluxes. Combustion in a turbulent flow leads to flow laminarization and delay of the laminar–turbulent transition.