Theoretical considerations in the optimization of surface waves on a planar structure

The problem of optimum excitation of surface waves on a grounded dielectric slab by means of slots in the ground plane is considered. By adopting a two-dimensional (2-D) model, analysis lead to closed forms for the power launched as surface waves and power leaked as radiation. Input admittance of a single slot source and mutual admittance between two slots are derived and utilized to design a three element Yagi array of slots to achieve a prescribed ratio of forward to backward surface wave power. As a development of the 2-D model, we allow finite extent of slot excitation by assuming a Gaussian E-field distribution across the slot. The effect of the Gaussian width on the excited surface wave power is studied. The analysis is relevant to the study of surface waves on printed circuits. Specifically, it applies to the implementation of power combiners based on quasioptical slab beam that have been recently introduced in the literature for use in the millimeter wave band.     

基于Y形阵的空时二维波达方向估计

提出了一种适用于Y形阵的空时二维波达方向估计方法,在低信噪比下实现了无模糊的二维波达方向估计。该方法利用了Y形阵的特性,具有较好的稳定性和较小的估计方差。仿真结果证明了本方法的有效性。     

Full-wave analysis of guiding structures using a 2-D array of 3-DTLM nodes

A TLM approach to the full-wave analysis of guided wave structures is introduced. Instead of real pulses as in the conventional TLM method, complex pulses are used. Therefore a nonreciprocal phase shift in the z-direction can be introduced and used to connect the z arms in a 3-D node directly. As a result, the 3-D array of 3-D nodes, normally required in the TLM method to calculate the propagation and attenuation constant, is reduced to only one mesh unit in the z direction (a 2-D array of 3-D nodes). The propagation constant is determined by choosing a value and then calculating the frequency at which this value is valid from the Fourier transform of the impulse response. Losses are found by computing the exponential decay of time harmonic solutions at the eigenfrequencies of the structure     

Analysis of two dimensions sparse multicylinder scattering problem using DD-FDTD method

An algorithm of two-dimensional (2-D) domain decomposition finite-difference time-domain (DD-FDTD) using in sparse multicylinders scattering problem is proposed in this paper. The idea of domain decomposition is introduced to divide the sparse problem domain into several subdomains. All of subdomains are connected by means of the 2-D time domain Green's function. As a result, a great deal of meshes memory between cylinders is removed, especially when the distances between cylinders become large. Furthermore, the coupling between cylinders can be regarded as the equivalent cylindrical wave irradiations. The incident signals of the equivalent cylindrical waves are expressed as cylindrical wave input field array (CWIFA) according to Huygens principle. Then the calculation time is significantly reduced. The near-field to far-field transformation is used to obtain the equivalent cylindrical wave; as a result, the calculation time can be reduced further. The new method has been demonstrated in 2-D multicylinders scattering problem. Numerical results are in good agreement with the results obtained using classical FDTD method and moment of methods (MM).     

基于波包提取技术的传感器组设计二维成像技术研究

针对大型构件内部微损伤难以及时发现排除,给生活生产造成安全隐患的现状,基于波包提取技术,利用波包的虚拟时间逆传播,设计了一种新的传感器阵列,并在理论上推导了该传感器阵列二维成像的运算公式,最后利用MATLAB编程模拟仿真了用该传感器阵列进行无损检测时的二维成像结果,结果表明其成像结果的综合精度可以达到98.7%,因此用该传感器阵列进行大型构件内部微损伤的探测对于发现安全隐患、排除安全隐患具有重大的指导意义。     

平面左手结构色散与传播特性分析

采用时域有限差分方法研究了一种新型平面结构阵列在左手频带内的后向波传播特性与负折射特性,提出分析二维平面左手结构的新方法:基于单元结构的四端口网络参数进行Bloch分析,得出色散关系和Bloch阻抗;根据色散关系和Bloch阻抗分析相位与能量传播方向的关系,以确定出左右手特性频带.相比于以往单元结构分析方法,本文方法利于单元结构的灵活设计,能较好地考虑分布参数元件色散特性,能简便准确地判断出左右手特性频带,且能用于分析各向异性和有损耗结构.仿真分析结果验证了方法的有效性.     

基于子阵划分的二维穿墙MIMO阵列设计

穿墙三维成像中,不同的阵列构架会直接影响阵列性能及其适用环境。利用等效阵列原理设计二维多输入多输出(MIMO)阵列,在具体分析一维STVA阵列具有最短物理尺寸的原理上,提出了利用子阵划分的方法解决等效阵列到MIMO阵列的去卷积问题。针对去卷积后得到多种MIMO阵列构型的择优问题,提出了综合尺寸的概念,利用子阵划分后的部分信息衡量去卷积后MIMO阵列的物理尺寸,最后将这种方法推广至二维MIMO阵列,设计出适用于穿墙成像的二维UWB-MIMO阵列,利用仿真实验验证了其在穿墙三维成像中的优异性能。     

平面数字阵列雷达的子阵级波束形成算法

大规模平面数字阵列雷达因为其优点得到广泛应用,但其全自适应处理实现困难,实际中广泛采用部分自适应处理,子阵结构就是其中的一种重要方法。该文针对有幅度加权的均匀平面阵,以各子阵噪声输出功率相等为原则进行非均匀邻接子阵划分,并通过归一化算法保证各子阵噪声功率相等,进而对平面阵子阵结构的波束形成性能进行了研究。计算机模拟仿真结果表明,该子阵结构的二维相扫和一维相扫的自适应方向图保形良好,可以达到与全自适应相接近的干扰抑制性能。     

Beamforming of Broad-Band Bandpass Plane Waves Using Polyphase 2-D FIR Trapezoidal Filters

A new discrete-domain method is proposed for the beamforming of temporally broad-band bandpass plane waves (PWs) using a real-coefficient 2-D spatio-temporal (ST) finite-impulse response (FIR) filter having a novel rectangularly symmetric double-trapezoidal-shaped passband. The arriving temporally broad-band-bandpass ST PWs are received by a 1-D uniformly distributed sensor array. The sensor signals are pre-filtered, down-shifted to the intermediate frequency (IF) band, low-pass filtered and synchronously sampled by the real IF tri-stage temporal sampler array, resulting in a real-valued 2-D sampled sequence. The beamforming operation is then carried out on this 2-D sampled sequence using the real-coefficient 2-D FIR double-trapezoidal filter. Arithmetic complexity in the hardware implementation of the 2-D FIR double-trapezoidal filter is significantly reduced by using an array of real-coefficient polyphase 1-D FIR filters. Experimental results have confirmed that this method is capable of enhancing the desired temporally broad-band-bandpass ST PWs according to their directions of arrival under severe co-channel interference.     

An efficient and accurate technique for the incident-waveexcitations in the FDTD method

An efficient technique to improve the accuracy of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) solutions employing incident-wave excitations is developed. In the separate-field formulation of the FDTD method, any incident wave may be efficiently introduced to the three-dimensional (3-D) computational domain by interpolating from a one-dimensional (1-D) incident-field array (IFA), which is a 1-D FDTD grid simulating the propagation of the incident wave. By considering the FDTD computational domain as a sampled system and the interpolation operation as a decimation process, signal-processing techniques are used to identify and ameliorate the errors due to aliasing. The reduction in the error is demonstrated for various cases. This technique can be used for the excitation of the FDTD grid by any incident wave. A fast technique is used to extract the amplitude and the phase of a sampled sinusoidal signal     

A modified path-following algorithm using a known algebraic path

A new computationally efficient path-following algorithm is presented for source localization that uses a uniform linear sensor array. An algebraic relation is demonstrated between the bearing of a source under a plane wave assumption and the actual source bearing and range. This relation can be used as a path to follow to the peak of the 2-D MUSIC spectrum. As a result, in the case of an array that has m sensors with n sources, this new algorithm can reduce the number of searches to n independent 1-D searches following the known algebraic path     

二维阵列超视距雷达的选频方法

该文提出一种通过预测到达任务区域路径信噪比,自适应地为天波超视距雷达选择工作频点的方法。利用2维阵列的俯仰维分辨能力,克服了传统方法无法从返回散射电离图中分离多模/多径信号的缺陷。雷达通过电离层探测设备和2维接收阵列,获取返回散射数据、环境干扰数据和电离层状态数据。然后利用电离层模型和状态数据,推算各频点对任务区域的照射路径。运用2维自适应波束形成抑制环境干扰噪声,并处理返回散射数据以预测各路径回波强度。最后计算各频点路径在脉冲压缩后的信噪比,选择信噪比最大值的频率为最优工作频点。     

A method of ultrasonic 3-D computed velocimetry

A method of ultrasonic three-dimensional (3-D) vector velocimetry, which is derived by extending the previously proposed two-dimensional (2-D) vector velocimetry, is presented. In the proposed method, the three vector components of velocity to be measured are defined as the velocity in the beam axial direction, and angle velocities in two transverse directions. To derive the three components of velocity, signals detected by a 2-D array transducer are first 2-D Fourier transformed in the spatial domain parallel to the 2-D array transducer and then are one-dimensional (1-D) Fourier transformed in the time domain. The advantage of the proposed method is that it uses a linear signal processing, so it can simultaneously measure individual velocities of multiple scatterers. Computer simulations clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method     

近程目标太赫兹全息成像算法及仿真

对比传统的基于球面波分解的近程目标太赫兹全息成像算法,以驻定相位法为理论基础对成像算法进行推导,得到了相同的成像补偿公式。采取图像熵的判决准则分析阵元误差对成像结果的影响,为成像系统阵元位置精确度的设计提供理论依据。针对三维目标距离过近出现非补偿距离平面成像结果散焦的现象,对传统成像算法的缺陷进行分析,提出了基于循环补偿与投影合成相结合的近程目标太赫兹三维全息成像方法。220 GHz条件下的Matlab仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性,实现了三维目标的聚焦成像。     

二维相干信号波达方向判断空间平滑算法

波达方向估计是智能天线的重要功能之一,对于相干信号角度模糊问题通常严重影响了方向判断的精准度.文中根据一维空间平滑基本理论和算法,对二维六边形阵列相干信号MUSIC算法波达方向估计问题进行了理论分析和仿真实验,提出了平面六边形阵列到十字形阵列的变换方法,成功地把一维平滑技术应用到平面六边形阵列,仿真表明,这种变换可以有效地消除相干信号的角度模糊问题.     

On a simple method of obtaining sidelobe reduction over a wideangular range in one and two dimensions

A patented technique for suppressing the sidelobes of an array antenna is considered. This technique involves the addition of two elements, one at each end of the array, which together produce an interferometer pattern used for the cancellation of sidelobes. It is shown here that the technique is most effective for uniform illumination and that there then exists an optimum fixed position for the added elements. The amplitude of the excitation of the auxiliary elements determines the angular location of the region of sidelobe reduction while the phase of the excitation tracks the beamsteering phase of the array. Thus, this technique is seen to be easily implemented in an array controlled by coupled oscillators. The technique generalizes in a straightforward manner to two-dimensional (2-D) arrays in which case a set of auxiliary elements on the perimeter of the array is required. A 2-D oscillator controlled array of this type is described here with which one can produce a main beam and a sidelobe suppression region that can be independently positioned anywhere in a hemisphere provided they do not coincide     

基于MIMO技术的二维波达方向估计

传统的L型阵相比面阵精简了阵列结构,以较少的阵元实现二维波达方向估计,但是波达方向估计性能受到物理孔径限制。本文将MIMO技术和L型阵结合,提出一种基于MIMO技术的L型阵二维波达方向估计方法。该方法通过MIMO等效虚拟阵列原理,将L型阵等效为一矩形平面阵列,然后在等效矩形阵列的基础上,采用MUSIC进行二维波达方向估计,以L型阵的物理孔径实现矩形平面阵列的估计性能。本文推导了二维波达方向估计的CRB,计算机仿真实验证实了所提方法的有效性。      

Implementation of a forward-backward procedure for the fast analysis of electromagnetic radiation/scattering from two-dimensional large phased arrays

Forward-backward method (FBM) was successfully developed for the analysis of electromagnetic radiation/scattering from one-dimensional (1-D) phased array in an efficiency appealing fashion. The FBM applications to treat 2-D array problems are developed in this paper. Acceleration algorithm, performing better than the novel spectrum acceleration algorithm used for 1-D FBM computation, is also developed for this 2-D FBM so the unique advantages of high efficiency and O(N/sub tot/) computational complexity as in the 1-D problems can be retained where N/sub tot/ is the total number of array element. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its validity.     

An L-shaped array for estimating 2-D directions of wave arrival

A simple structured 2-D array, the L-shaped array, is presented. The L-shaped array consists of two uniform linear arrays (ULA) connected orthogonally at one end of each ULA. It is shown that the Cramer-Rao bounds (CRB) of the estimated wave directions based on the L-shaped array are about 37% smaller than those for the cross array. The CRB indicates the accuracy potential because it is the (reachable) lower bound on the variance of any unbiased estimate. An efficient maximum likelihood algorithm is developed utilizing the ULA structure inherent in the L-shaped array     

基于时空处理的阵列扩展及同频干扰抑制

该文推导了基于时空联合处理的 2-D 阵列扩展方法,研究了虚拟阵的结构,构造了虚拟阵的伪数据矩阵;同时提出了抑制同频干扰的算法。当采用m阵元的2-D阵列时,扩展阵列的等效阵列孔径为n=(m+1)2/2-1(m为奇数)或n=m(m+2)/2-1(m为偶数)。这种阵列扩展方法和同频干扰抑制算法能在较低信噪比(0dB)以下工作,并且能实现2-D参数的自动配对。理论和计算机仿真实验均表明这种扩展和算法的有效性。