Application of high voltage gradient zinc oxide elements toSF6 gas insulated surge arresters for 22 kV-765 kV powersystems

Zinc oxide elements have been developed for the surge arrester elements. Basically, these zinc oxide elements are evaluated by the reference voltage V_NmA. Newly developed high voltage gradient zinc oxide elements have about twice value V_NmA/mm of normal zinc oxide elements. This paper describes the application of the high voltage gradient zinc oxide elements to SF₆ gas insulated tank type surge arresters for 22 kV-765 kV power systems     

Development of advanced built-in surge arresters for distributionsystem with new zinc-oxide elements

New zinc-oxide elements with a varistor voltage about twice that of conventional ones have been developed by reducing the ZnO grain size with a new additive, which enables halving of the series number of elements in a metal oxide surge arrester. Using these elements, we have developed advanced built-in surge arresters enclosed in 6.6 kV pole transformers and switchgear. The advanced arresters have been reduced in volume by 25% compared with conventional ones. This paper describes the specification and construction of the advanced arresters and the results of various evaluation tests     

Development of advanced arresters for GIS from 66 kV to 500 kV

New zinc oxide elements with a varistor voltage about twice that of conventional ones have been developed by reducing the ZnO grain size with a new additive, making it possible to halve the series number of elements in metal oxide surge arresters. The advanced arresters with these elements for GIS are smaller in volume by 40 to 60% compared with conventional ones. These advanced MOAs increase the flexibility in positioning MOAs and optimizing the GIS layout. This paper describes the performance of the new elements, the specification and construction of the advanced MOAs, and the results of typical evaluation tests. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(3): 34–42, 2000     

Temporary overvoltage capability of surge arresters for 1000 kV power systems

Insulation level (LIWV 2250 kV) of 1000 kV gas insulated switchgear will be adopted by installing high performance 1000 kV surge arresters. But when temporary overvoltage (TOV) is generated in power systems at line faults and load rejection including Ferranti effects, high performance surge arresters flow discharge current according to the value of TOV. Therefore, it is important to check TOV discharge capability of surge arresters. This paper describes the screening of zinc oxide elements using thermography (thermal uniformity factor) obtained by an infrared radiation camera, with discharge capability of surge arresters for 1000 kV power system.     

Electromagnetic emission based monitoring technique for polymer ZnO surge arresters

Electromagnetic emission at the very high frequency (VHF) range of 30 to 300 MHz is used to detect surface defects on outdoor polymer zinc oxide (ZnO) surge arresters. The partial discharge related signals are recorded and studied. Since the surge arresters are usually exposed to adverse weather conditions, the effect of moisture and pollution on the characteristics is also investigated. Samples subjected to surface pollution were created according to the IEC standard under both wet and dry conditions. The collected electromagnetic signals were sampled and analyzed using a joint time-frequency analysis tool called the Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD). The results of this work indicate that the WVD analysis can be used as a diagnostic tool for polymer ZnO surge arresters.     

Evaluation and application of oil-immersed zinc oxide elements enclosed in pole-mounted distribution transformers

Voltage due to lightning surge is now a major problem to be overcome to ensure full reliability of any power supply. Hence, gapless oil-immersed surge arresters using zinc oxide elements have been applied to pole transformers. These surge arresters are used as a means of insulation coordination for pole transformers. These arresters contribute to the reduction of the number of failure of pole transformers. This paper describes applications and effects of specially developed oil-immersed surge arresters in pole transformers on 6.6-kV distribution lines. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(2): 37–46, 1997     

Development of a detection device for deteriorated ZnO surge arresters at AC traction substations

This paper presents a novel detection device for deteriorated zinc‐oxide (ZnO) surge arresters. It is necessary to understand the state of ZnO surge arresters for AC traction substations under operation. The waveform distortion of leakage currents can be detected through an increase in multiple harmonic currents; therefore, this effect was employed to develop a device for diagnosing damage to the surge arrester. By adopting a Rogowski coil and band‐pass filters, we can obtain more output of the 5th–15th order harmonic currents in comparison with conventional devices. If the threshold value of harmonic elements is exceeded, the lights on the device may light up to indicate the deterioration. The validity of the device was verified by artificial deterioration tests using damaged ZnO elements and a capacitor. This developed device could indicate the soundness of the surge arresters that are in proper working order while being under the influence of feeding voltages, which include harmonic voltages.     

基于K-Means高频局放10 kV避雷器快速带电检测方法 研究

针对视觉观察、红外测温、超声波成像、泄漏工频电流和直流分量等方法无法快速发现10 kV配网架空线路上的氧化锌避雷器内部受潮及绝缘缺陷问题,文中提出了基于K-Means智能识别缺陷类型的方法及原理,使用人为制作10 kV氧化锌避雷器内部受潮、阀片裂纹等缺陷样品,通过无局放源的升压装置,加压至10 kV额定电压,通过高频电流传感器(HFCT)、高速采集卡拾取局部放电数据,建立氧化锌缺陷类型数据库;通过在现场不同测点测得不同10 kV氧化锌避雷器亚稳态下的13组数据,结果表明该方法对10 kV避雷器内部绝缘缺陷、内部受潮缺陷识别准确率达到98%以上,验证了基于K-Means高频局放10 kV氧化锌避雷器快速带电检测方法正确性,具有较高的经济效应和社会使用价值。     

Nonlinear dc and ac conductivity in electrically insulating composites

The non-linear electrical behavior of zinc oxide, used to practical advantage in surge arresters on distribution power systems, has been replicated in epoxy resin, which has been filled with an appropriate volume fraction of this intrinsically semi-conducting material. Comparison has been made with epoxy resin containing a similar volume fraction of aluminum oxide in order to establish that the non-linearity observed in zinc oxide filled resin is a function of the zinc oxide itself and not simply an artifact resulting from the presence of any filler and the interfacial phenomena thereby arising. Previous work in this field, in both thermo-setting and thermo-plastic insulation has concentrated on dc voltage application. This work, in addition to extending the range of host materials to include epoxy resin using dc, has also explored the ac behavior. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of zinc oxide in epoxy resin is capable of producing non-linear conductivity when the filler volume fraction exceeds the percolation threshold ( /spl sim/ 15%).     

Analytical Method for Coordination of Surge Arresters with Current-Limiting Fuses

Many industrial power systems have lightning exposure, requiring surge (lightning) arresters; dry-type transformers, requiring low protective levels; and high available fault currents, making the use of current-limiting fuses desirable. On occasion, current-limiting fuse arc voltages have resulted in destruction of low characteristic arresters. A traditional guideline has been to select arrester types and ratings that will not spark over on current limiting fuse maximum arc voltage?an approach that may not be entirely viable for industrial systems. A step-by-step analytical approach to the selection of surge arresters for use with current-limiting fuses is presented. The method presumes arrester sparkover and is based on determination of system energy, fuse arc voltage and arrester back voltage characteristics, and arrester energy capability.     

A Procedure for Estimating the Lifetime of Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Application

The development of the gapless metal oxide (ZnO) surge arrester has presented the arrester engineer with new materials and an opportunity for new designs. This situation arises because the gapless surge arrester is electrically active throughout its lifetime whereas its predecessor, the silicon carbide arrester, was electrically passive being electrically isolated with gap structures. The prime consideration is one of reliably estimating the lifetime of a gapless ZnO surge arrester under continuous ac stress while maintaining the capability not only to limit surge voltages but also to absorb energy inputs resulting from lightning or switching surges and temporary overvoltages. In this paper we establish a procedure for reliably estimating the lifetime of gapless metal oxide surge arresters for ac application by incorporating the device characteristics into design requirements. This method is illustrated for metal oxide surge arrester elements that exhibit a predictable linear resistive current versus time1/2 behavior as a function of applied voltage and temperature.     

Suppression of lightning-induced overvoltages by distribution line surge arresters

The primary aim of surge arresters in power distribution lines is to protect lines and equipment from the voltage induced by nearby lightning strokes. To further improve power systems, methods to protect distribution lines against direct lightning strokes are still needed. An effective measure against direct lightning strokes is to increase the number of arresters. However, if the surge current is too large, some surge arresters absorb energy in excess of their capability and may break; this leads to a line fault. To evaluate the protective effect of the surge arresters against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire, the authors measured both the voltage across the surge arresters and the energy absorbed by them using a full-scale model line and a 12 MV impulse generator. The results were compared with simulation results by EMTP. There have been no previous studies making a comparison of this kind.     

Thermal characteristics of high voltage whole-solid-insulated polymeric ZnO surge arrester

A new type of 110-kV and 220-kV whole-solid-insulation polymeric ZnO surge arresters is developed. The power loss characteristics of ZnO varistors are discussed, which are simulated by an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The thermal performances of the new developed polymeric arresters are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). The thermal dispersion capability and thermal stability of the developed whole-solid-insulation polymeric ZnO surge arresters are presented.     

Switching Surge Duty of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters in Multi-Phases' System and Its Equivalent Conditions in a Test

Switching surge duty test imposing the highest power dissipation on high voltage metal oxide arresters has usually been done with a single phase circuit due to the limit of test facilities, in spite of complex multi-phases in a service system. The purpose of this paper is to propose new equivalent line constants and reasonable conditions of charging voltage in a test circuit, which were derived from the application study of surge arresters on double circuits and transposed 500kV lines. So-called positive, negative, zero, self and mutual mode impedances are not equivalent. Other impedances must be used and some correctiorts for charging voltage are required in a transmission line discharge test.     

Detection of Damaged Distribution Surge Arresters Using an Impulse Generator

Distribution surge arresters with an internal series gap have been installed on Japanese distribution lines at high density to reduce lightning‐related overvoltages. In contrast, surge arresters are sometimes damaged by direct lightning strokes, particularly in winter. Measurement of the insulation resistance between the terminals of the surge arrester and measurement of the dc discharge voltage of the surge arrester are generally adopted to detect damaged arresters. However, if metal‐oxide (MO) varistors are damaged and the internal series gap is not damaged, it is difficult to detect damaged arresters by the two conventional methods. Therefore, this paper presents a proposed detection method that can accurately detect damaged arresters. In the proposed method, first, the voltage between the terminals of the surge arrester is measured when the output of an impulse generator is applied to the surge arrester. Second, the damaged arrester is detected by comparison between its voltage waveform and the voltage waveform of the nondamaged arrester. The detection rate of damaged arresters by the proposed method is markedly higher than the rates of detection by the two conventional methods.     

现行无间隙金属氧化物避雷器试验方法存在的问题及分析

现行的无间隙金属氧化物避雷器（WGMOA）试验方法是从碳化硅避雷器（SiCA）的试验方法移植过来的,但WG-MOA的工作电阻片（MOR）与SiCA的工作电阻片在电网中的运行工况是完全不同的,因此对SiCA有效的试验方法对WGMOA并不一定有效,文章列举了3个错误认识：（1）误把8/20μs冲击电流作为雷电流标准波形;（2）误把MOR加速老化试验当作MOR寿命试验;（3）误把SiCA动作负荷当作WGMOA运作负载,提醒人们正确认识现行试验方法的局限性,排除误区,重视试验方法的研究。     

氧化锌避雷器技术性能和选择原则

分析了避雷器在电力系统中的作用及它的基本特征.针对氧化锌避雷器的三个最重要的参数:额定电压、持续运行电压和雷电波残压,给出了不同使用场合的避雷器的技术参数及选用原则.正确选择氧化锌避雷器,确保电力系统安全经济运行.     

110、220kV城网GIS中ZnO避雷器配置的研究

研究了110、220kV城网GIS中ZnO避雷器的配置和接线方式.结果表明:1)线路入口避雷器应布置在侵入波前沿,并采用V形连接.为此建议采用合成套ZnO避雷器悬挂在线路终端塔上.2)侵入波过电压水平随进出线电缆长度而变化的关系,因电压等级、网络结线、线路结构和参数的不同而差异较大,电缆末端及GIS是否需加装避雷器,宜通过数值计算和具体分析后确定.     

Rotating Machinery Protection Using Metal Oxide Arresters

Metal oxide arresters are ideal for the protection of rotating machines against overvoltages. The absence of gaps, required in older silicon carbide arresters, results in more consistent operation and improved protection for fast-front surges. Also, the absence of gaps permits tailoring lower voltage arrester ratings to match the application of rotating machinery. The application of arresters along with the use of surge capacitors is discussed, to limit both magnitude and rate of rise of surge voltages, for the protection of sensitive insulation systems on a variety of medium voltage systems.     

New method for measurement of the resistive leakage currents ofmetal-oxide surge arresters in service

Various methods of determining the condition of zinc oxide (ZnO) surge arresters by means of measuring their leakage current are discussed. A method that minimizes the influence of harmonics in the system voltage when performing a harmonic analysis of the arrester leakage current presented. The presence of harmonics in the voltage has presented a great problem to earlier methods based on harmonic analysis, since these harmonics may interfere with the harmonics generated by the nonlinear resistance of the arrester. The favorable effect of the method presented is achieved by introducing a field probe which allows a compensation for the harmonics in the voltage. The main advantage of the new method is the low sensitivity to harmonics in the system voltage