基于磨损试验的滚动轴承寿命及可靠性

笔者对特轻（1）系列36102滚动轴承进行了疲劳磨损试验。试验结果显示,磨损量与寿命呈线性关系。在给定可靠度为R=0．99情况下,该系列轴承可靠寿命的点估计x（R）=40723（次）。     

The method of prediction of the life of the dry friction bearing unit with a solid grease coating

The method is considered of prediction of wear of full-scale friction units by the temperature dependence of the integral parameter (Φ, the factor of wear) governed by the conditions of operation derived from the respective type of interactions. The temperature dependence of this parameter can be found from the results of laboratory tests of a model random-configured pair. It is shown that the calculated life of the bush-shaft coupling with the solid-grease VNIINP-212 determined from the factor of wear of this coating obtained with end-to-end tests is 4–45% different from the actual life.     

金属磨损自修复技术在提高轴承寿命中的应用

介绍了金属磨损自修复技术的原理、特点、使用方法及使用效果。该技术作为一种延长轴承寿命的方法已经被广泛采用,效果良好。     

On the wear resistance of high-speed steels

The wear resistance of cast and strained high-speed steels are evaluated and compared, and the regularities of variations in their structure and properties depending on the austenitizing temperature are described. The impact of modification on the wear resistance of tungsten-molybdenum high-speed steels has been studied. Data on the steels with improved wear resistance are reported     

不锈钢脚阀在酸性介质中使用寿命的研究

研究了2种阀门常用材料AISI 304和1Cr18Niu9Ti不锈钢在HNO3，H2SO4，H3PO4和HCl溶液中的腐蚀特征，给出了2种不锈钢在酸溶液中的腐蚀速率和不锈钢阀门在酸溶液中的使用寿命。     

Effect of Nickel on the Wear Rate of Fe‐Cr‐C‐Ni Steel Under Sliding Friction

Under sliding friction, nickel (0.3–4.2 wt.%) alloyed with chromium steel (1.2 wt.% carbon; 15 wt.% chromium) exerts a fundamental influence upon the initial structure of the steel and the phase composition and structure of the near‐surface friction layers. The minimum wear of the steel occurs when there is a dynamic equilibrium between the dislocation densities in the α‐ and γ‐phases and a ratio between the γ‐ and α‐phases of 50:50 for steels after quenching and 25:75 for steels after tempering in the near‐surface friction layers.     

The lubricated wear of ceramics : Part II: The wear and friction of silicon nitride and steel in the presence of mineral oil or an ester based lubricant

The friction and wear characteristics of combinations of silicon nitride, alumina and AISI 52100 steel in the presence of mineral oil containing anti-wear, dispersant and detergent additives have been investigated in a tri-pin-on-disc machine. The tests were carried out at a nominal temperature of 100°C for a range of sliding speeds, loads and total sliding distances. In Part II of this two-part paper a comparison will be made between the tribological performance of these sliding pairs of materials in mineral oil and ester based lubricant environments. The results of the investigation showed that the alumina performed relatively poorly under these test conditions, whereas silicon nitride showed good potential as an improved wear resisting material compared with 52100 steel. Wear factors of the order of 10⁻¹⁰ mm³/Nm were deduced for the alumina, while values as low as 10⁻¹¹ mm³/Nm were typical of the silicon nitride sliding against 52100 steel discs. The alumina pins wore by a process of brittle fracture at the surface, whereas the silicon nitride pins wore primarily by a tribochemical polishing mechanism. The rate of tribo-chemical wear was found to be proportional to the nominal contact area.     

The unlubricated wear of sintered steels

The unlubricated wear of 10.3% porosity sintered medium-carbon and 12.8% porosity sintered low-alloy steels was investigated under different sliding conditions. Their wear characteristics were found to be similar to their non-sintered counterparts. Within this range of sliding conditions, both mild-oxidational and delamination wear took place, with the former dominating the wear processes. The oxide debris produced changed with the applied load: switching from a low-temperature oxide to a high-temperature one at higher loads. The wear rates agreed reasonably well with Archard's law and with data from other sources, suggesting that Archard's law can account for the wear rates produced by both mild-oxidational wear and delamination wear. This agreement also suggests that within the range of porosites investigated an overall framework can be established in the unlubricated wear of both sintered and non-sintered steels.     

An investigation of tool wear in high-speed turning of AISI 4340 steel

A commercially available insert has been used to turn an AISI 4340 steel at speeds placed between 325 and 1000 m/min. The flank wear was measured in connection to cutting time. This is to determine the tool life defined as the usable time that has elapsed before the flank wear has reached the criterion value.It is shown that an increase in cutting speed causes a higher decrease of the time of the second gradual stage of the wear process. This is due to the thin coat layer which is rapidly peeled off when high-speed turning.The investigation included the realization of a wear model in relation to time and to cutting speed. An empirical model has also been developed for tool life determination in connection with cutting speed.On the basis of the results obtained it is possible to set optimal cutting speed to achieve the maximum tool life.     

Sliding wear behaviour of PEEK‐PTFE blends

The role of PTFE in tailoring the tribological performance of PEEK is not clear from the literature, and conflicting evidence is reported about its ability to improve friction, wear, or both. Moreover, little has been reported on the optimum composition of such blends for the best possible combination of mechanical and tribological properties. Hence, in this work various blends of PEEK with PTFE have been injection moulded and characterised for their mechanical properties. Their friction and wear behaviour was evaluated using a pin‐on‐disc machine. It was observed that the inclusion of PTFE powder not only removed scuffing problems associated with the friction behaviour of PEEK, but also improved both friction and wear characteristics. A blend with 7.5 wt. % PTFE showed the best wear behaviour, while a blend with 30 wt.% PTFE exhibited the best friction performance. A concentration of 7.5 wt. % PTFE was thought to be the optimum amount for the best possible combination of mechanical and tribological properties.     

Summarized characteristics for determination of the service life by the wear of industrial ceramicss

The calculation dependence developed based on the theoretical methods and experimental results includes the summarized characteristics to determine the wear rate of industrial ceramics. It takes into account the ceramics’ mechanical and thermophysical properties, the resistance to cracking, the stress-strain state, the thermal condition of the rubbing bodies, and the effect of the environment. The proposed dependence is compared with the available semiempirical dependencies of the ceramics’ wear rate.     

Effect of the structure and metal atom of dialkyldithiophosphate derivatives on the wear behaviour in steel‐zirconia contacts

Wear investigations concerning the different structures and metal atoms of metal dialkyldithiophosphates (MeDTPs) were conducted using a ball‐on‐disc apparatus. Steel ball bearings (3.175 mm in diameter) and counterface discs, made of hot pressed ZrO₂ partially stabilised by Y₂O₃, were used. The synthesised MeDTPs were made up of primary linear aliphatic alcohols with hydrocarbon lengths varying from 8 to 16 carbon atoms, and contained the following metals: zinc(II), iron(III), gallium(III), antimony(III), and copper(II). Tests were performed at room temperature. The sliding speed was set to a constant 0.03 m/s, and a constant 30 N load was used. The additives investigated were used as solutions in n‐hexadecane. The study also focused on the influence of additive concentration on wear. It was found that the effectiveness in reducing wear depends both on the metal atom and on the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the additive's molecules. The lowest wear volumes were observed for additives with n‐octyl and n‐tetradecyl hydrocarbon chains. The worst antiwear performance was observed for n‐dodecyl derivatives. For almost all additives, more concentrated solutions resulted in less wear. Some friction coefficient results are also presented.     

Friction and wear effects on a micro/nano‐scale

In this paper are described tribological effects which can be found in micro‐tribological systems, and in those macro‐systems which can be analysed by micro‐methods, e.g., by atomic force microscopy (AFM) or related methods. Micro‐tribology systems have friction contacts with loads in the micro/nano‐newton range and/or dimensions in the micro/nanometre range. Experiments on the micro/nano‐scale should be easier to explain by theoretical modelling due to their simpler system structure. An example is discussed of adhesion and friction measurements between AFM tips and clean, flat, solid surfaces in ultra‐high vacuum, which shows some of the special aspects of micro/nano‐tribology. Surprising friction characteristics on surfaces with an artificial micro‐structure can be explained by skilled and careful topographical analysis of the friction path with an AFM. In micro‐sensor contacts, ‘single wear events’ can be detected using AFM analysis of the contact region. For ceramic compounds, different friction levels for the components of the material can be found. The problems, difficulties, and dangers of misinterpretation are also discussed.     

铬-锰-氮奥氏体不锈钢在含沙海水中的冲蚀磨损行为研究

采用自制的圆筒型冲蚀磨损仪,对低、中、高流速条件下Cr-Mn-N不锈钢在含沙海水中的冲蚀磨损行为进行了研究。通过测定试样冲蚀失重率及扫描显微镜显微分析方法,研究材料在含沙清水和含沙海水中的相对耐冲蚀性和冲蚀机制。研究结果表明:试样在含沙海水中的冲蚀率均超过了在含沙清水中的冲蚀率,并随着流速的增大而增大,但增大的趋势逐渐放缓;在含沙清水中磨损机制以微切削为主,属磨料磨损;而在含沙海水中以腐蚀磨损为主,属小角度剥蚀。     

42CrMo钢振动磨料磨损研究

为研究振动对材料磨损的影响,对经过低温、中温、高温回火的42CrMo钢在自制的振动磨料磨损试验机上进行了振动磨损实验.结果表明,试样的塑性、硬度及磨料的振动参数综合影响其耐磨性,磨损量并不与磨料的振动频率成正比,磨粒的振动影响材料的磨损形貌.     

Metallic wear — a review with special references to vibration-induced wear in power plant components

Some of the major processes that are likely to be involved in wear — namely, adhesion, abrasion, fatigue, delamination and oxidation — are described. An outline of the Systems Concept in the analysis of wear processes is given. Some wear theories and various factors that affect wear, such as distance of travel, speed, applied load, material and temperature, are also discussed. The latter part of the paper reviews recent literature pertinent to vibration-induced wear, eg impact and fretting of power plant components — more specifically, heat exchangers. Several predictive models for tube wear are described.     

Anti‐wear performance of organomolybdenum compounds as lubricant additives

A four‐ball tester was used to evaluate the anti‐wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in engine oils and lithium soap grease, i.e. molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC), and sulphur‐ and phosphorus‐free organomolybdeum (molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP does not improve the anti‐wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti‐wear properties of the engine oils. MoDTC does not improve the anti‐wear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti‐wear properties of the oils. Significant improvement of the anti‐wear properties is obtained with molybdate added in the four fully formulated oils. Both MoDDP and molybdate have good anti‐wear properties in the lithium soap grease, especially MoDDP with a high concentration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of temperature on the unlubricated sliding wear of 5 CrNiMo steel against 40 MnB steel in the range 400–600°C

5 CrNiMo steel is used traditionally as hot forging die material in China. High temperature wear is a common failure mode of the steel. This paper deals with the sliding wear behavior of the steel in the temperature range 400°C to 600°C. The composition and features of the worn surface were analyzed using SEM, EDS and XRD. The oxidation of 5 CrNiMo steel under sliding wear condition at elevated temperature indicated that the oxide transfer layer formed on the sliding surface consisted of Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃. The wear mechanism changed with the test temperature and the oxide transfer layer played an important part in the change in wear mechanism. At lower temperatures, wear was due to abrasive wear. From 500°C to 550°C, the oxide transfer layer presented a relatively compact morphology and the oxidational wear was the principal wear mechanism resulting in low wear rate at 500°C. When the test temperature was at 600°C, adhesive wear was predominant, and the wear rate increased greatly.     

Research on oxidation wear mechanism of the cast steels

The uni-directional pin-on-disk wear tests were performed in elevated-temperature air at 400 °C for the Cr–Mo–V cast steels with different compositions. Morphology, composition and structure of worn surfaces, oxidation films and matrix were examined using SEM, EDS, XRD and TEM. The relations between oxidation wear rate and matrix were studied. The mechanism of wear was clarified. Under elevated-temperature air at 400 °C, typical oxidation wear was presented in the cast steels. Oxidation of worn surface and fatigue delamination of oxide film proceed alternatively during sliding. As there are not coarse second phases in steel, oxide film is main factor in determining wear rate, which conforms to Quinn's oxidation wear theory. In this case, delamination of oxide film was found to take place inside oxide film or at interface of matrix and oxide film. This is classified as mild oxidation wear with lower wear rate. As coarse second phases exist in steel, the wear rate is strongly dependant on microstructures of matrix. In this case, oxide film delaminates from the inside of matrix under oxide film. This is classified as severe wear with high wear rate.     

切削奥氏体不锈钢的涂层刀具磨损机理探讨

通过不锈钢0Cr18Ni9切削加工的刀具寿命试验,探讨涂层刀具的磨损形态和机理,提出涂层刀具切削奥氏体不锈钢时刀具的磨损形态主要为边界磨损的观点,并验证了YBG202涂层刀具适合切削奥氏体不锈钢。