煤／塑料共热解的热重分析及动力学研究

利用热重技术研究了煤、塑料(高密度聚乙烯、低密度聚乙烯和聚丙烯)及其混合物的热解行为.结果表明,由于分子结构的相似性,3种塑料有相似的热解失重行为,由于灰分和固定炭含量高,煤的失重率最低.煤和塑料存在重叠的热解温度区(438～521 ℃),有利于塑料向煤供氢.煤,塑料共热解时在高温区存在协同效应(T>550℃).动力学分析表明,采用1至4个连续一级反应模型即可拟合实验数据,活化能和指前因子分别为35.7～572.8kJ/mol和27×1038～1.7×1038 min-1,其值取决于材料本身的特性.     

木质素与高密度聚乙烯共热解特性研究

生物质与塑料共热解是一种非常有效的生物质利用方法之一,但由于生物质结构的复杂性,共热解过程的机理尚不明晰。木质素是生物质的主要组分之一,本文通过热重-质谱联用仪和裂解器-气相色谱质谱仪研究其与高密度聚乙烯共热解过程,获取共热解特性及热解产物分布特性,以揭示共热解过程机制。结果显示,木质素与高密度聚乙烯共热解过程存在协同效应,使得热解失重速率加快,热解固体残渣含量减少。共热解过程有利于CH₄、H₂O、CO和C₂H₄的生成,抑制CO₂的生成。同时,酚类、醇类和糖类等含氧化合物产量减少,烷烃和烯烃类化合物产量增加。结果表明,共热解过程会发生氢转移现象,氢与木质素衍生热解产物结合发生反应,从而抑制含氧化合物的生成,促进烷烃类和烯烃类化合物生成。     

两种玉米秸秆热解过程动力学模型的比较

介绍了生物质热解的简单一级动力学模型和分布活化能模型,并利用这两种模型分别对玉米秸秆在15、25、30K/min升温速率下的热重分析数据进行了研究。利用简单一级动力学模型计算的活化能数值在7～54kJ/mol之间,指前因子在2.8×10~4～3.3×10~4min~(-1)之间;利用分布式活化能模型计算的活化能数值在65～80kJ/mol之间,指前因子在1.9×10~5～3.0×10~5min~(-1)之间。同时,分析了产生上述差异的原因,并通过研究分布活化能模型的计算结果得出分布活化能模型更能反映生物质热解动力学过程的结论。     

钙对生物质/塑料混合物共热解特性及动力学的影响

为了探究Ca2+对生物质/塑料混合物热解的影响,采用热重分析法研究了Ca2+浸渍酸洗玉米秸秆(ACS)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)混合物(AHM)的热解特性.结果表明,Ca2+的添加,使得AHM的初始分解温度以及第一失重峰对应温度均有所降低;此外,由于Ca2+的添加,AHM的第二失重峰对应温度基本不变,最大失重速率有所增...     

高斯多峰拟合用于生物质热解三组分模型的研究

对稻壳、稻秆、芒属和芦苇的热解过程进行热重分析(TG)。基于生物质热解三组分模型理论,运用高斯多峰拟合法对上述4种生物质的失重速率曲线进行解析。结果表明:4种生物质的热解失重速率曲线均可以分解成4个相互叠加的拟合峰,分别对应水分析出、半纤维素分解、纤维素分解和木质素分解。利用Coats-Redfern法计算了三组分的动力学参数。计算结果表明:半纤维素、纤维素和木质素热解的反应级数分别为2、1和2,活化能分别为152～180kJ/mol、206～248kJ/mol和32～42kJ/mol。最后采用重量加权平均法得到了4种生物质热解主要阶段的活化能。     

杏壳热解特性及其动力学分析

文章采用热失重分析法考察了杏壳在氮气气氛和不同升温速率(10,20,30,50℃/min)下的热解特性,并利用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Kissinger法计算杏壳热解过程的表观活化能,利用主曲线法求解杏壳的热解机理方程。分析和计算结果表明:随着升温速率的提升,TG和DTG曲线均向高温侧移动,热解特征参数均增大;杏壳热解过程可分为3个阶段,其中,主热解阶段的失重率高达65%;利用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Kissinger法求解出的平均表观活化能分别为160.9,160.4 kJ/mol;杏壳热解过程的机理方程:当0.1α0.5时,(dα)/(dt)=5.93×10~8exp(-(156.88)/(RT))(1-α)~(5.1);当0.5α0.8时,(dα)/(dt)=5.85×10~8exp(-(156.88)/(RT))(1-α)~3。     

N2及H2气氛下钾催化生物质热解热重特征及动力学研究

利用热重仪研究浸渍不同K含量生物质(WB)样品的热解和加氢热解过程,以明确K+对生物质热解行为及动力学参数的影响。结果表明,K+对生物质热解及加氢热解均有较强的催化作用,其催化作用的强弱与K含量有关。K+浸渍对生物质热解行为及其特征参数(热解峰温TP、最大失重速率、焦产率等)均有重要影响。K+浸渍使生物质热解峰温提前,在H2中热解时这种效应更加明显。同时K+浸渍使焦产率显著增大,主要是由于K+促进了缩聚成焦反应。动力学分析表明,生物质热解可用两个一级反应来描述。ln A随E变化呈良好线性,表明生物质热解及加氢热解时均存在动力学补偿效应(KCE)。     

生物质与烟煤共热解特性研究

选取稻壳和松木屑等生物质,按不同比例与两种煤化程度不同的烟煤进行混合,采用热重分析的方法,研究不同生物质与烟煤单独热解和共热解的特性,研究了在自制复合型镍基催化剂条件下烟煤和松木屑的共热解特性及催化剂对焦油成分的影响.研究表明:在该实验条件下,烟煤与生物质的热解不存在重叠,烟煤的最大热解量仅为生物质的1/3 ～1/2;生物质的添加在共热解过程中对烟煤的热解起到一定的促进作用,在原料比例为50∶50时,共热解的两个失重峰逐渐变为一个;在自制镍基催化剂条件下,共热解碳转化率提高3％ ～17％,焦油得到充分裂解,极大提高了原料利用率.     

生物质与煤共热解行为及模型化研究

采用热天平分析仪对稻草和北宿煤、神府煤的共热解行为进行研究,建立共热解模型,并对实验结果进行分析。结果表明,当温度低于700 K时,失重曲线与稻草失重曲线吻合较好。温度高于700 K时,失重曲线不能用生物质和煤失重曲线的叠加描述。共热解模型表明,加入少量生物质后,共热解反应表观活化能出现下降趋势,随生物质含量增加,活化能逐渐升高。生物质中纤维素和半纤维素对于共热解反应的参与程度低于木质素。对比神府煤和北宿煤与稻草共热解实验结果表明,较低的煤热解温度有利于提高生物质利用率。     

基于不同组分的海藻热分解机理研究

为了深入探究海藻生物质的热解机理,采用表征分析和热重-质谱分析展开对海藻中多糖、蛋白质、灰分这3种主要组分参与热解规律的研究。结果表明:多糖和蛋白质的热失重范围分别为175~310℃和300~350℃;而灰分使海藻热解过程中最大热失重速率增大,且脱灰使失重峰对应的温度区间向低温段偏移。海藻热解过程中主要气体的释放规律为:由于多糖、蛋白质和灰分在参与热解过程中均产生CO_2,其释放规律曲线与热失重曲线相对应。而SO_2气体的释放主要来自于多糖中硫酸基的热解。由于多糖及脱灰后海藻不含或含有少量蛋白质,所以热解过程中无NO_2释放。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.