控制电位脉冲电沉积法制备析氢Ni-S电极

采用控制电位脉冲电沉积法制备Ni-S合金电极,并在25%NaOH溶液中测试阴极极化曲线和交流阻抗,表征所制备电极的催化析氢活性。探讨了脉冲电流密度,脉冲限制电位及硫脲加入量对电沉积的影响,确定了电沉积制备Ni-S电极的适宜条件。结果显示:脉冲电流密度为7.1 A/dm2,脉冲电位上限为-0.70 V,脉冲电位下限为-1.75 V,V(瓦特镍溶液)(290 g/L NiSO4.6H2O,50 g/LNiCl2.6H2 O,40 g/L H3 BO3)与V(10%硫脲)比值为20∶8,制备的Ni-S电极具有最高的催化析氢性能。     

碳毡基体上电沉积Ni-Mo合金及其催化析氢性能

以碳毡为基体,采用瓦特型镀镍工艺电沉积镍,获得碳镍（C-Ni）电极,然后在离子液体体系中以C-Ni为基体电沉积Ni-Mo合金。采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对合金电极的表面形貌和结构进行了表征,通过阴极极化曲线、交流阻抗等电化学测试研究了其析氢催化性能。实验结果表明,制得的Ni-Mo合金中Mo的质量百分含量约为5.12%,平均晶粒尺寸约为2.2 nm,为纳米晶结构;极化曲线测试表明,当电流密度为0.1 A·cm^-2时,Ni-Mo/C-Ni合金电极催化析氢电位较C-Ni电极正移108 mV,较碳毡正移557 mV,较水溶液中沉积的紫铜基Ni-Mo合金电极正移约50 mV;连续电解和断电流实验结果表明Ni-Mo/C-Ni合金电极具有良好的电化学稳定性,实用前景广阔。     

电沉积制备Ni-P非晶态催化电极上的析氢反应

用直接电沉积法在室温下制备出不同磷含量的Ni-P合金电极,用恒电流极化法研究了电极在20℃的1 mol/L KOH溶液中作为析氢反应阴极的催化性能,并用XRD及SEM方法研究了Ni-P合金镀层的组织结构. 实验结果表明,磷含量为8.49 at%的Ni-P合金电极具有优良的催化性能,在150 mA/cm2的电流密度下,析氢反应过电位最低,约为95 mV, 比纯镍电极低342 mV, 低电流密度区的Tafel斜率为65.4 mV/dec, 表现出良好的析氢催化活性, 这种高催化活性与镀层磷含量及组织结构有关.     

高活性镍钴铁三元合金电极的制备及析氢性能研究

为进一步提高镍基电极的析氢性能,采用恒电位沉积法,通过改变镀液中各合金的质量浓度比、沉积电位、沉积时间等条件,制备出一种高活性的镍钴铁三元合金电极。通过测定电极在1 mol/L的NaOH溶液中的极化曲线,得到最佳的沉积工艺条件为:36.25 g/L NiSO_4·6H_2O,1.25 g/L NiCl_2·6H_2O,5 g/L CoSO_4·7H_2O,7.5 g/L FeSO_4·7H_2O,10 g/L H_3BO_3,0.5 g/L抗坏血酸,1 g/L十二烷基硫酸钠,pH=4.0,电沉积电位-1.45 V,电沉积时间300 s。阴极极化曲线测试结果表明在5 A/dm^2的条件下,镍钴铁三元合金电极的析氢过电位降低至121 mV,相比于纯镍电极过电位降低近50%,相比于镍钴电极过电位降低近35%。     

离子膜电解槽用纳米Ni-Mo合金阴极的制备及其催化析氢性能

采用正交实验法确定了电沉积N i-Mo合金的最佳工艺。通过测试N i-Mo合金在模拟氯碱工业离子膜电解槽工艺条件下的阴极极化曲线,考察了N i-Mo合金电极的催化析氢性能。结果表明,当电流密度为3.0kA/m2时,N i-Mo合金电极的析氢过电位较镀镍电极降低约400 mV,反应活化能仅为24.89 kJ/mol。扫描电镜观察到N i-Mo合金电极表面微观粗糙,X射线衍射测试结果表明,所制备的N i-Mo合金为纳米晶结构,平均晶粒尺寸为2.25 nm。     

钛基镍-铁合金电极的制备及其析氢性能

采用恒电位电沉积法,在钛板上制备Ni-Fe合金电极。通过测量Ni-Fe合金电极在1 mol/L NaOH溶液中的阴极极化曲线,讨论了电沉积液中FeSO_4·7H_2O质量浓度、电沉积电位和时间对Ni-Fe合金电极析氢性能的影响,得到电沉积的最优工艺条件为:NiSO_4·6H_2O 100 g/L,FeSO_4·7H_2O 15 g/L,H_3BO_3 20 g/L,抗坏血酸5 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠1 g/L,pH=3.5,温度25℃,电位-1.3 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极),时间30 s。当电流密度为0.05 A/cm~2时,Ni-Fe合金电极在1 mol/L NaOH溶液中的析氢过电位比Ni电极低23%。Ni-Fe合金电极表面比Ni电极表面粗糙,其表面的Ni、Fe含量比约为2:3。     

电解水Ni-S电极合金的研究

采用电沉积法在镍网上制备Ni-S合金,在固定的溶液组成、电镀的电流密度和温度的条件下,研究电沉积时间对电极析氢过电位的影响。试验结果表明,与未镀合金的电极相比,Ni-S合金电极的析氢过电位可降低130mV,具有很好的析氢反应活性。     

电沉积La—Mo—ZrO2及其性能的研究

通过复合电沉积制备La-Mo-ZrO2/Ti电极,测试表明:La-Mo-ZrO2镀层结合力强,硬度高,耐蚀和耐热性能优良.阴极极化曲线表明:以钛基电沉积La-Mo-ZrO2复合镀层作为阴极,在质量浓度为300 g/L的NaCl溶液中,60℃,Jk=30mA/cm2电解,能降低氢超电势605 mV.结果表明:以钛基电沉积La-Mo-ZrO2复合镀层是优良的析氢电催化电极,电催化性能的增加完全归因于电极比袁面的增加.     

镍电极上硫酸盐溶液体系三价铬电沉积动力学初探

采用阴极极化曲线法、循环伏安曲线法和恒电位电解试验探讨了硫酸盐溶液体系三价铬在镍电极上电沉积的电化学行为和动力学规律。以二水甲酸钠为主配位剂、甘氨酸为辅助配位剂时,首先在镍电极上进行析氢反应,当阴极电位负于-1.35 V时才会有明显的三价铬电沉积现象。镍电极表面的析氢反应过程和三价铬电沉积过程均为不可逆电极过程。镀液Cr(III)含量和p H的增大具有增强阴极极化的作用;温度以及二水甲酸钠、甘氨酸和硫酸铵含量的增大则具有降低阴极极化、提高阴极反应速率的作用。     

双脉冲电沉积制备Ni-聚苯胺复合电极及其析氢性能的研究

采用控制双脉冲电位沉积技术制备N i-聚苯胺复合电极。扫描电镜下观察电极表面呈菜花状结构,比表面积约为普通镀N i电极的4~50倍。N i-PAN复合电极的X射线衍射谱图中分别出现了N i和PAN的特征峰。通过测试复合电极在模拟氯碱工业电解液中的阴极极化曲线,研究了N i-PAN电极的析氢性能,结果显示当电流密度为0.10 A/cm2时,析氢过电位较镀N i电极降低约350 mV。复合电极性能稳定,可作为氯碱工业用活性阴极,能显著降低能耗。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。