载Pt石墨烯中空微球催化剂的制备及其电催化性能

目前,直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）已成为世界各国探寻新型绿色动力源的首选。铂基催化剂虽然被公认为催化甲醇氧化最有效的催化剂,但离其商业化应用仍然存在较大差距。提高铂的利用率和电催化性能被公认为是解决DMFC商业化的关键问题。基于以上考虑,本文采用一种不需要使用表面活性剂的模板辅助法成功合成出了石墨烯中空球,并利用电沉积法负载Pt纳米颗粒。该载Pt石墨烯中空微球具有非常高的比表面积（226.4m2/g）和相互连通的结构。电化学测试结果表明,该载Pt石墨烯中空球的电化学活性表面积高达43.27m2/(g,Pt),峰值电流密度几乎是商业铂碳的两倍,且稳定性明显高于商业化铂碳。该载Pt石墨烯中空球对甲醇氧化展现出了极好的应用前景。     

钯/纳米石墨片复合材料的制备及其对甲醇的电催化性能

用改进的Hummers方法和机械剥离法制备纳米石墨片,以硼氢化钠为还原剂,采用一步法制备蠕虫状Pd纳米颗粒/纳米石墨片。结果表明这种新型的纳米石墨片的制备方法简单快速、温和高效。11.5 nm的Pd纳米颗粒能良好地分散在纳米石墨片上,且复合材料在碱性条件下对甲醇具有良好的催化活性和抗毒化性能,比相同条件下制备出的Pd负载在传统的改进Hummers方法制备的氧化石墨烯和商业炭黑Vulcan XC-72的催化性能更佳。     

纳米金/石墨烯修饰电极的制备及对槲皮素的测定

提出了一种以纳米金/石墨烯电催化活性为基础的对槲皮素检测的电化学传感器,通过CV和DPV考察了槲皮素在修饰电极上的电化学特性并对国槐槐叶中槲皮素的含量进行测定。结果表明,这种电化学传感器对槲皮素检测表现出优异的性能,在pH为3.5的B-R缓冲溶液中,槲皮素的峰电流值与其浓度在1.00×10-7~9.00×10-6mol/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,最低检测线为0.333×10-7mol/L,标准偏差为1.05%,回收率平均值为98.6%。该传感器对槲皮素检测简便,灵敏度高,有着巨大的应用前景。     

Pd纳米线/Pt纳米粒子复合材料的制备及其氧还原催化性能

利用氧化铝模板法结合恒电位法制备了钯纳米线, 再结合循环伏安法制备了Pd纳米线/Pt纳米粒子复合材料, 用扫描电子显微镜观察了所制备的复合材料的形貌, 用能谱仪确认了复合材料的成分, 利用循环伏安和线性扫描测试了复合材料的氧还原催化性能。研究结果发现, 复合材料表现出优于纯铂和纯钯的催化性能, 氧还原峰电流分别比纯铂纳米颗粒和纯钯纳米线的高了8.1倍和2.1倍, 氧还原的起峰电位比铂纳米粒子的正移了140mV。     

碳载体预处理对纳米Pt/C电催化性能影响

利用NaBH₄还原机制,采用经不同方法预处理的碳载体成功制备出Pt/C-HNO₃、Pt/C-H₂O₂和Pt/C 3种碳载铂纳米催化剂.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(HR-TEM)、循环伏安(CV)和CO_ad溶出技术进行表征.结果表明,所制备的催化剂大小分布较为均一,平均粒径约为4 nm;HR-TEM观察发现,Pt/C-HNO₃中铂纳米粒子的表面具有较高的台阶原子密度;在CO_ad溶出实验中Pt/C-HNO_3­表现出较强的抗一氧化碳毒化能力;所制备的3种催化剂及商业催化剂Pt/C JM对乙醇氧化的电催化活性顺序为:Pt/C-HNO₃ > Pt/C-H₂O₂ > Pt/C > Pt/C JM,其中Pt/C-HNO₃的电催化活性和稳定性分别为Pt/C JM的1.5倍和1.9倍.     

Pt/CNTs金属纳米催化剂的制备及对甲醇的电催化氧化

采用混酸(HNO3-H2SO4)浸泡法对碳纳米管(CNTs)进行表面功能化,以氯铂酸(H2PtCl6·6H2O)为前躯体,通过液相化学还原法快速合成了Pt/CNTs纳米催化剂(负载Pt的质量分数为20%)。透射电镜(TEM)观察表明,该法合成的Pt纳米粒子粒径小且尺寸分布窄,Pt纳米粒子高度分散在CNTs的表面,其平均粒径为4.5 nm,与XRD表征所计算的平均粒径相符合(4.46 nm)。电化学实验表明,该法合成的Pt/CNTs催化剂比商业Pt/CNTs催化剂对甲醇的电化学催化活性要高。     

络合还原法制备Pd/C催化剂及甲酸电催化氧化性能

分别以硼氢化钠和乙二醇为还原剂,经络合还原法制备了炭载钯(Pd/C)催化剂。透射电镜(TEM)和X射线粉末衍射谱(XRD)结果表明,以乙二醇为还原剂制备的Pd/C催化剂中Pd粒子具有较小的粒径、均匀的粒径分布和较大的相对结晶度,Pd粒子的平均粒径和相对结晶度分别为(4.2±2)nm和1.88。电化学测试结果显示,Pd/C催化剂具有较大的电化学活性面积,对甲酸氧化表现出较高的电催化活性和稳定性。     

纳米TiO_2的合成及纳米TiO_2/Pt修饰电极的电化学催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米TiO2粉体,通过正交实验优化了纳米TiO2的合成工艺条件,用透射电镜及X-射线衍射技术对纳米TiO2样品进行表征;进而采用涂膜法制备纳米TiO2/Pt修饰电极,通过循环伏安法研究其在葡萄糖体系中的电化学催化性能。结果表明:在钛酸丁酯与乙醇体积比为2∶3、烘干温度为80℃、焙烧温度为500℃时,合成的纳米TiO2具有最佳电化学催化性能;合成的纳米TiO2为锐钛矿型,颗粒粒径分布在5~20nm之间;纳米TiO2/Pt修饰电极对葡萄糖具有显著的电化学催化活性。     

表面修饰氧化石墨烯纳米带增强PMMA的研究

以多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)为原料,使用纵向氧化切割法制备了氧化石墨烯纳米带(GONR),通过物理吸附作用制备了聚醚型苯并咪唑(OPBI)非共价修饰GONR(FGONR)。采用溶液浇注法制得了聚丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/FGONR复合材料薄膜,对FGONR及其PMMA复合材料的结构与性能进行了研究,同时对比了以MWNTs,GONR,OPBI改性MWNTs(FCNTs)增强的PMMA复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:OPBI成功地物理吸附到GONR的表面,且FGONR在PMMA中具有良好的分散性能;在PMMA/FGONR复合材料中,当FGONR的质量分数为0.5%时,复合材料的拉伸强度达到49.50 MPa,杨氏模量达到2.27 GPa,其增强效果比MWNTs,GONR,FCNTs的要好,FGONR有望作为制备高性能复合材料的一种良好的纳米填料。     

Platinum modification of gold and electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol on Pt-modified Au electrodes

The surface modification of gold electrodes with platinum and the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol on Pt-modified Au electrodes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Platinum modification is performed by the electrochemical deposition of platinum on polycrystalline gold electrodes, and the Pt-modified Au electrodes with different amount of the deposited platinum are used for the ethylene glycol oxidation in alkaline and acidic solutions. It is shown that oxidation potential for the ethylene glycol oxidation on the Pt-modified Au electrodes shifts significantly negative compared with that on Au electrodes, nearly same oxidation potentials as that on Pt electrodes are observed, and peak current density of the ethylene glycol oxidation is dependent on the amounts of the deposited platinum on gold surface, much higher peak current densities than that on Au and Pt electrodes can be obtained. The low oxidation potential and high peak current density indicate the enhanced reactivity of Au electrodes by the platinum modification. The characteristics of the Pt-modified Au electrodes are found to be similar to that of Pt electrodes, and the reactivity of the Pt-modified Au electrodes is mainly attributed to the deposited platinum.     

利用表面改性制备磷酸锰锂/石墨烯锂离子电池复合材料

3-氨丙基三甲氧硅烷（APS）改性的磷酸锰锂纳米片与氧化石墨烯通过静电自组装,经喷雾干燥和高温煅烧,得到磷酸锰锂/石墨烯复合材料。APS修饰后的磷酸锰锂带正电荷,并可通过红外光谱中3-氨丙基和Si-O-C官能团的存在证明磷酸锰锂成功被APS修饰,使得其与带负电荷的氧化石墨烯自组装形成磷酸锰锂/石墨烯复合材料。测试结果表明约25 nm的磷酸锰锂纳米颗粒均匀负载在石墨烯表面,石墨烯片层充当导电网络,提高了材料的电子电导率和锂离子扩散速率,缓解了LiMnPO₄在充放电过程中的体积变化。电性能测试发现,该材料的首次放电比容量为142.2 mA·h·g^-1,50个循环后容量保持率达到90.5%,较未经APS修饰的磷酸锰锂/石墨烯材料有大幅提高。     

结构有序的Si/void/C/graphene纳米复合结构的制备及储锂性能

采用简单的超声、冷冻干燥和热还原相结合的自组装方法,设计和构建了纳米硅核/间隙/无定形碳壳层/石墨烯（Si/void/C/graphene） 三维有序纳米复合结构。在该结构中,纳米硅核与碳壳层之间的空隙有效避免了硅的巨大体积膨胀对碳层的破坏,大幅度提高了锂离子电池的循环稳定性;将Si/void/C纳米结构嵌入在石墨烯层与层之间,利用石墨烯卓越的导电性和柔韧性,进一步缓冲了硅材料的体积效应和提高了复合材料的导电性能。该复合材料在4200 mA·h·g^-1（1 C）电流密度下循环1000次后比容量仍高达1603 mA·h·g^-1;在67 A·g^-1（16 C）的高倍率下,比容量仍有310 mA·h·g^-1,显示出了在锂离子电池负极材料领域的巨大应用潜力。     

氮掺杂石墨烯/多孔碳复合材料的制备及其氧还原催化性能

采用简单、无模板的方法制备了氮掺杂多孔石墨烯/碳复合材料(NPGC)。采用SEM、XRD、Raman、XPS等分析手段对NPGC的形貌、组成以及结构进行了表征，利用旋转圆盘电极技术测试了其电催化氧还原反应(ORR)活性。结果表明，葡萄糖在水热后生成的碳与石墨烯成功复合，并在950℃炭化、活化后形成了相互渗透、结构良好的三维片状多孔网络结构；其氮含量高达9.47%。NPGC作为一种高效的非金属ORR电催化剂，在碱性溶液中具有较高的起始电位[0.87 V(vs RHE)]和较大的极限电流密度(4.7 mA?cm^?2)，以及其ORR平均转移电子数为3.8。与商业Pt/C催化剂相比，NPGC具有较强的耐甲醇性和长期耐久性，且制备成本较低，具有广阔的应用前景。     

电催化氧气析出非贵金属催化剂的研究进展

电催化氧气析出反应是金属-空气电池充电过程和电催化分解水阳极的关键反应,对提高能量储存和转换效率、高效利用可再生清洁能源、缓解能源危机和环境污染具有重要作用。文章首先简要介绍了电催化氧气析出反应基本过程,随后综述了近年来用于电催化氧气析出反应的非贵金属催化剂的研究进展,重点讨论了过渡金属氧化物、过渡金属氢氧化物以及碳材料等非贵金属催化剂的研发情况。对这些催化剂的合成、结构及氧气析出催化性能进行了详细分析,也对这些催化剂的发展方向进行了简单分析。文章最后认为,新合成技术、新催化材料的发展以及氧气析出催化反应机理的阐明对发展高性能电催化氧气析出非贵金属催化剂将会起到极大的推动作用。     

Sonochemical synthesis of Pt-doped Pd nanoparticles with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for formic acid oxidation reaction

Pt-doped Pd nanoparticle catalysts (Pd _n Pt, n is 12, 15 and 19) supported on carbon were synthesized by an ultrasound assisted polyol method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical activity of the electrocatalysts was investigated in terms of formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) at low concentration of formic acid in 0.1 M perchloric acid at room temperature. Formic acid oxidation on the Pd _n Pt/C commences at lower potential than a commercial Pt/C. Pd₁₉Pt/C catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity in FAOR compared to that of other catalysts. The obtained electrochemical results from voltammograms indicate that Pt-doped Pd catalysts can be a promising candidate for the anode material in direct formic acid fuel cells. The synthesis procedure is not only a very facile route but also a mass producible method for preparing carbon supported alloy nanoparticles.     

The improved electrocatalytic activity of palladium/graphene nanosheets towards ethanol oxidation by tin oxide

Tin oxide (SnO₂)/graphene nanosheets (GNS) composite was prepared by a simple chemical-solution method as the catalyst support for direct ethanol fuel cells. Then the SnO₂-GNS composites supporting Pd (Pd/SnO₂-GNS) catalysts were synthesized by a microwave-assisted reduction process. The Pd/SnO₂-GNS catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy techniques. The electrocatalytic performances of Pd/SnO₂-GNS catalysts for ethanol oxidation were studied by cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements. It was found that compared with Pd/GNS, the Pd/SnO₂-GNS catalyst showed superior electrocatalytic activity for ethanol oxidation when the mass ratio of SnCl₂·2H₂O precursor salt to graphite oxide was about 1:2.     

Preparation of agcl/polyaniline nanocomposite in polyvinylalcohol matrix and its electrocatalytic activity

AgCl/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix via a two‐stage process. Firstly, positively‐charged Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in the presence of 4‐aminothiophenole (4‐ATP) as stabilizer. Then, polymerization of aniline was carried out in PVA matrix in the presence of Ag NPs, HCl, and ammonium persulfate as oxidant. HCl solution played an important role in the preparation of resulted nanocomposite. Removal or changing of acidic medium to camphorsulfonic acid influenced on the structure and morphology of obtained composites. The composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectra, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, AgCl/PANI/PVA nanocomposite was immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode and showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of dopamine (DA) in a neutral solution. The peak currents of differential pulse voltammograms of DA increased linearly with concentration in the ranges of 80–250 μM DA and the detection limit for DA was 17.2 μM. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42366.