层状岩基重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

针对含软弱夹层的层状岩基重力坝深层抗滑稳定问题,在分析层状岩基的深层失稳模式的基础上,提出了深层滑动面的自动搜索方案,并利用刚体极限平衡法研究了软弱夹层的埋置深度、位置及倾角对深层抗滑稳定安全系数的影响规律,进而利用深层滑动面搜索方法分析了向家坝水电站左非~#3坝段坝基的深层抗滑稳定性。结果表明,左非~#3坝段坝基深层抗滑失稳模式为坝踵岩层断裂滑移模式,在正常蓄水状态下该坝基深层抗滑稳定性满足规范要求。     

基于有限元超载—折减综合法的重力坝深层抗滑稳定性分析

针对某混凝土重力坝坝基存在3层粘土软弱夹层可能引起坝基深层滑动问题,提出了有限元超载—折减综合法,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件构建了该坝溢流坝段深层抗滑稳定分析模型,通过关键点水平位移的变化判断坝基深层滑动失稳情况,进而求得坝基抗滑稳定安全系数介于3.00~3.25之间。与刚体极限平衡双斜面法及强度折减法、超载法相比,有限元超载—折减综合法所得抗滑稳定安全系数接近于前三者的平均值（3.02～3.32）,评价结果更偏于安全。     

齿墙结构对重力坝深层抗滑稳定安全性能的影响

为分析齿墙结构对重力坝深层抗滑稳定安全性能的影响,以乌河水库软弱夹层为例,应用ANSYS 软件,采用有限元强度折减法和最大剪切强度允许相对位移失稳判据分析了齿墙宽度、坡度以及位置对重力坝深层抗滑稳定性安全系数的影响。结果表明,齿墙坡度对重力坝深层抗滑稳定安全性能的影响小于齿墙宽度;相同条件下在坝趾处设置同等规模的齿墙可更好地发挥抗滑作用,为齿墙的优化设计及重力坝除险加固提供了参考。     

基于分项系数极限状态法与突变理论的重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

针对传统方法在重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析中存在的问题,以某实际工程为例,建立重力坝有限元强度折减计算模型,并考虑荷载分项系数和坝基及软弱层的材料分项系数,通过逐步降低材料强度参数,利用ANSYS软件确定大坝关键节点水平位移与坝踵下方软弱层上、下两点位移差随折减系数变化的关系,引入尖点突变理论得到大坝深层抗滑稳定安全裕度为1.29,对重力坝的稳定性进行了判别。     

官地水电站重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

官地水电站坝址区地质条件复杂,缓倾角错动带和裂隙较发育,分布比较普遍,因此坝基深层抗滑稳定问题受到高度关注。利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,选取#13坝段作为典型坝段,结合该坝段工程实际和概化的滑移通道,建立三维有限元模型,采用强度储备法分析坝基的深层抗滑稳定性、坝体及坝基的位移和应力变化规律。结果表明,三维非线性有限元分析在以塑性区贯通为失稳判据的情况下,最危险的滑移通道1的深层抗滑稳定安全系数大于3.0,可见#13坝段深层抗滑稳定满足规范要求。     

重力坝深层抗滑稳定接触非线性有限元分析

鉴于复杂地基上重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析传统算法的局限性,将接触问题引入重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析中,验算大坝抗滑稳定性。针对某重力坝工程地质条件和受力特点,建立有限元接触模型,考虑接触非线性的特性和法向应力与剪应力之间的交叉影响,提出基于强度折减法的接触非线性有限元算法,对预设缝进行整体降强,根据坝基特征点突变并结合接触缝滑移连通情况确定深层滑动面及稳定安全系数,并与传统算法计算结果进行比较。结果表明,接触算法具有自动搜索危险滑面、计算量少、收敛性好的优点。     

侧向阻力对重力坝深层抗滑稳定的影响分析

本文针对软弱结构面走向与坝轴线相交这一重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析中比较普遍的情况，在对滑动体所受到的侧向阻力作用机理进行分析的基础上，对单滑裂面和复合滑裂面两种基本滑动模式，计入侧向阻力，进行了深层抗滑稳定的空间刚体极限平衡分析。最后给出了一个分析侧向阻力影响的计算实例。     

缅甸高地震区某电站重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

以缅甸高地震区某电站为例,针对坝基岩体存在不整合面（带）、缓倾角及中倾角、陡倾角裂隙 问题,采用被动抗力法分析计算了该地区重力坝方案深层抗滑稳定性,并分析了各种荷载工况下的安全 裕度,提出了裕度不足的基础处理措施。     

基于灰色关联法的大坝深层抗滑稳定敏感性分析

重力坝的深层抗滑稳定分析是大坝设计中极为重要的一部分,根据重力坝深层抗滑稳定影响因素的敏感性可快速、准确地施加措施,目前关于重力坝深层抗滑稳定影响因素的敏感性研究还不够深入.本文依托工程实例,以抗滑稳定安全系数作为评价指标,采用正交试验合理设置试验数组,基于灰色关联法对各影响因素进行敏感性分析.结果表明,处于水平岩层的...     

贵州某水电站坝基优化地质研究

混凝土重力坝,特别是百米级以上的高坝,对坝基岩体的质量要求较高。对于某水电站,由于坝基以下软岩埋藏较深,加之软弱夹层发育,工程设计多偏向于大坝的安全,使坝基挖深过大,造成一定的浪费。鉴于此,以贵州某大型水电站为例,对大坝建基面的优化选择进行了地质研究。通过地质复核试验,综合考虑坝基的岩体质量、岩体物理力学参数、岩体抗变形能力、岩体承载力等物理力学性质,论证了该大坝以较软岩作为建基面的可行性。经优化设计,使坝基总体抬高了13m,研究成果取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。此外,还对坝基优化后存在的主要工程地质问题、工程处理措施进行了分析、总结,为类似条件下高重力坝建基面的选择积累了可靠的经验。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.