Determination of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed soapstocks

An accurate and sensitive procedure is proposed for estimating aflatoxins in both alkaline and acidulated soapstocks. Sample suspensions in aqueous acetone are adjusted to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid, extracted in a high speed blender, treated with lead acetate and partitioned into chloroform. After silica gel cleanup, aflatoxins in purifie extracts are estimated by thin layer chromatography. The use of acetone and lead acetate together apparently catalyzes the relactonization of flatoxins B₁ nd G₁ and leads to essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxin B₁ and somewhat lower recovery of G₁ added to alkaline or acidulated soapstock. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969.     

Pre-Ripening damage to cottonseed byaspergillus flavus is not influenced by seed coat permeability

Infection of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) byAspergillus flavus and associated production of aflatoxins are problems in the arid portions of the United States cotton belt. The hard seed (impermeable to water) characteristic confers resistance to these problems in ripened cottonseed. Experiments were done to determine if low seed coat permeability to water or impermeability protect developing seeds from deterioration and aflatoxin formation. No differences were observed in the degree of seed deterioration in the various cotton lines that could be attributed to seed coat permeability. It is likely that, because the impermeable or low permeability phenotypes are expressed only upon seed ripening, these characteristics afford no protection to cottonseed against attack byA. flavus during seed development. To whom correspondence should be addressed at USDA/ARS, Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312.     

Composition of Zelkova seed oil

Summary Seeds of the treeZelkova serrata, familyUlmaceae, were found to contain 21.7% of glyceride oil having icdine value 12.9, saponification value 292, and glycerol yield 13.6%. The oil was converted to methyl esters and examined by gas chromatography, followed by fractional distillation of the esters and identification of the individual acids. The percentage composition of the acids is estimated as follows: caprylic 8, capric 73, lauric 3, myristic 1, palmitic 2, stearic 1, oleic 3, linoleic 3, undetermined 6. The content of capric acid is higher than has been found in any natural oil or fat. Comparing it with other genera ofUlmaceae, the oil ofZelkova is seen to resemble closely that ofUlmus sp. but to be quite different from the oils ofCeltis andTrema. Presented at the fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 20–22, 1958. Issued as N.R.C. No. 5176.     

Selective fixation of deleterious phosphatidic and pigment materials in commercial processing to improve quality of cottonseed oil and meal

Summary Plant operating-procedures and laboratory controls were set up to evaluate the quality of meal and oil which could be produced through each stage of commercial, prepress-solvent-extraction processing. By altering conventional, prepress-solvent-processing conditions and by increasing moisture during cooking and adding granular soda ash after cooking meats, cottonseed meal rations can be produced which are comparable in feed efficiency to soybean meal rations and satisfactory for feeding laying hens in amounts up to 10% of the total weight of the ration with no egg-yolk discoloration and crude cottonseed oils with low F.F.A. and light color can be produced which refined to low Lovibond colors and with ferining losses approximating the chromatographic loss when miscella refined within minutes after separation from the source material with the exclusion of air and light. Presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, New Orelans, La., April 29, 1957.     

Characterization and processing of cottonseed oil obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide

Extraction of flaked cottonseed with supercritical carbon dioxide at temperatures of 50–80 C and pressures of 8,000–15,000 psi yields an improved crude cottonseed oil compared to those obtained by conventional solvent or expeller processes. Improvements include lighter initial color, less refining loss and lighter refined bleached colors. Crude cottonseed oils obtained by supercritical fluid extraction require less refining lye and show less tendency to undergo color fixation while in storage. Presented at the AOCS annual meeting, Chicago, May 1983.     

Fatty acid composition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil as influenced by seed position

The variation in fatty acid composition of the oil from seeds located in different positions within an individual sunflower head was determined. Each head was divided into three ring-shaped zones and four samples were taken from each zone. Ten heads from an inbred line and ten from an open-pollinated variety were sampled. Position of the seed within the head had a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of the oil. The linoleic and palmitic acid contents of the oil increased and the oleic acid content decreased from the perimeter toward the center of the head. Journal Article No. 399.     

Solubility and agronomic effectiveness of partially acidulated phosphate rocks as influenced by their iron and aluminium oxide content

Partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR) has been shown to be an effective source of P for plants grown on acid soils. Less information in available, however, regarding the effect of the phosphate rock (PR) source on the solubility and agronomic effectiveness of PAPR.The effect of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ content in PR on the quality of PAPR produced was investigated in this study. Nine sources of PR from Africa, Latin America, and the United States, representing a range of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ from 0.7% to 12.4%, were used. In a single-step process, the finely ground PRs were partially acidulated with H₂SO₄ at the 30% or 50% acidulation level and granulated (–3.35 + 1.18 mm or –6 + 14 mesh). It was found that the water-soluble P content in PAPR decreased with increasing Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O content in the PR used. Apparently, the presence of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ resulted in a reversion of some of the water-soluble P to citrate-soluble P and sometimes even to citrate-insoluble P.A short-term (6 weeks) greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate crop response to PAPRs and single superphosphate (SSP); maize, the test crop, was grown on an acid soil (pH 4.5)—Hartsells silt loam (Typic Hapludults). The agronomic effectiveness of PAPRs with respect to SSP (in terms of dry-matter yield of maize) decreased with increasing Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ content in PRs. Phosphorus uptake by maize from PAPRs was found to correlate well with water solubility but not with citrate solubility. The results obtained in this study show that the detrimental effect of Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃ content on the solubility and P availability of PAPR should be considered when selecting a PR for PAPR production.     

Improvement of fuel properties of cottonseed oil methyl esters with commercial additives

The low temperature operability and oxidative stability of cottonseed oil methyl esters (CSME) were improved with four anti‐gel additives as well as one antioxidant additive, gossypol. Low temperature operability and oxidative stability of CSME was determined by cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and oxidative stability index (OSI). The most significant reductions in CP, PP, and CFPP in all cases were obtained with Technol®, with the average reduction in temperature found to be 3.9 °C. Gunk®, Heet®, and Howe's® were progressively less effective, as indicated by average reductions in temperature of 3.4, 3.0, and 2.8 °C, respectively. In all cases, the magnitude of CFPP reduction was greater than for PP and especially CP. Addition of gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde, resulted in linear improvement in OSI (R² = 0.9804). The OSI of CSME increased from 5.0 to 8.3 h with gossypol at a concentration of 1000 ppm.     

Plant scale comparisons of various refining methods for cottonseed oil

Three different refining processes were commercially compared by processing 15,148 metric tons of cottonseed with free fatty acid content varying between 7.1% and 8.9%. All of the seed was prepressed and solvent extracted in the Sanbra plant at Bauru, Brazil. The Ranchers Miscella refining process operating on seed averaging 8.8% F.F.A. yielded more oil of lighter color per ton of seed processed than either of the other processes compared, even though the average F.F.A. of the seed processed during the Ranchers Miscella Refining test averaged 1.7% higher than the seed used in the Sanbra process and 1.1% higher than the average F.F.A. for the seed used in the Low Loss Refining test. In another comparison, screw pressed oil, Modified Soda Ash refined was compared to Ranchers Miscella refining with seed containing about 0.5% F.F.A. The results showed 42% lower refining loss and a color of 3.5 Red Lovibond units less for Ranchers Miscella refined oil than for Modified Soda Ash refined oil. The average cost of converting crude cottonseed oil to prime bleachable summer yellow oil by the miscella refining process described is 20.8￠ per hundred weight of oil (not including refining loss). These costs include the prorated cost of control laboratory, plant labor and supervision, fuel, power, chemicals, depreciation, taxes and insurance.     

Soybean oil quality as influenced by planting site and variety

Seven soybean genotypes were grown in various locations in Illinois and Missouri. Crude oils were analyzed for fatty acid composition, total phospholipid, free fatty acids, iron and peroxide value. Of the seven varieties examined, William’s beans showed significant differences in total oil, protein, and fatty acid composition relative to planting sites. Evidence was obtained that crude oil from beans grown on irrigated land were higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower in iron contents compared to those grown on nonirrigated land.     

Composition of organic and conventionally produced sunflower seed oil

The aim of the present study was to highlight the main differences between seed oils produced from conventionally cultivated crops and organically cultivated ones and processed using mild extraction procedures. The composition and the nutritional and health aspects of both types of sunflower seed oils were compared and were analytically tested to determine the macroscopic differences in proximate composition, the main differences in the minor components, the main quality parameters, the in vitro antioxidant activity, and the presence of trans-ethylene steroisomers in FA. No significant trends were found in the oil samples for TAG and FA composition, but remarkable differences were found in the composition of minor components and in the main chemical and analytical quality properties. The organically grown samples had a higher total antioxidant activity compared with the conventional samples. Trans FA were found only in the conventional oils.     

Bench-scale processing of amaranth seed for oil

Amaranth seed (Amaranthus hypochondriacus cv. K432) was processed to obtain oil, reported to be a promising source of squalene. The amaranth seed was ground using a stone mill, then separated into oil-rich embryonic tissue (or “bran”) and starchy perisperm. Amaranth bran was much more stable than rice bran when free fatty acid (FFA) content and peroxide value were monitored. Milling at a gap of 0.755 mm did not result in excessive damage to the starch in the perisperm fraction and yielded a bran fraction that contained more than three-fourths of the oil and a starchy fraction consisting of more than two-thirds of the seed weight. The bran particles were too fine for effective bench-scale extraction of the oil. Consequently the bran was extruded into collects prior to extraction. Two extrusion settings were evaluated regarding the rate of moisture injection, while the bran feed rates were constant. There was no significant difference in appearance or size between the two dried collets. Collets were extracted with hexane using an Armfield Extraction/Desolventizing Unit (Model FT 29, Armfield, Ltd., Hampshire, England). Oil recovery averaged 97.7 and 80.0%, respectively. Oil was extracted at high yield from the bran when the bran was extruded into collets. Oil can be obtained as a coproduct of amaranth starch by milling and separating the fractions of amaranth seed. Milling, extrusion, and extraction did not decrease significantly the squalene content in amaranth oil, but increased FFA content and peroxide value and changed tocopherol content of the oil.     

Isopropanol as a solvent for extraction of cottonseed oil

Phase equilibrium data for the system; cottonseed oil-isopropanol-water were determined at 30°C. and compared with data for the system; cottonseed oilethanol-water. The relative phase distribution of fatty acids and cottonseed oil in mixtures with isopropanol and water was studied under varying conditions of water and fatty acid concentrations. These tests showed the fatty acids to be highly concentrated in the alcohol-water phase. Flaked cottonseed meats were extracted in continuous extraction apparatus with 91% isopropanol, 99% isopropanol, and mixtures of commercial hexane and isopropanol. Analytical data on the extractions show that 91% isopropanol is an efficient solvent for extracting active gossypol along with the oil. Rat and swine feeding tests of the isopropanol extracted meal showed it to be highly superior to hydraulic meal as a source of protein. A method was developed for treatment of the cottonseed-isopropanol miscella by liquid-liquid extraction to separate purified oil and fatty acid fractions from other materials in the extract.