组分非梯度KTN热释电薄膜的制备及其性能研究

为使KTN热释电薄膜能够在较宽的温度范围内有较高的热释电系数,本文在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si基片上采用Sol-Gel法制备了两种多组分成分非梯度分布的KTN热释电薄膜.用XRD分析了薄膜的晶相结构,并研究了其铁电、介电和热释电性能.结果表明,两种薄膜均具有钙钛矿型结构,且均可观察到典型的电滞回线.在100kHz频率下,Ⅰ型薄膜在16～43℃,εr=332,tg δ=0.21,14～46℃平均热释电系数为3.246×10-4C/(cm2·K),计算所得Fv=3.58×10-7C·cm/J,Fd=1.42×10-5C·cm/J,Ⅱ型薄膜在17～46℃,εr=987,tgδ=0.18,14～44℃平均热释电系数为2.797×10-4C/(cm2·K),电压响应优值为1.04×10-7C·cm/J,探测度优值为7.69×10-6C·cm/J.     

常温高性能PMN-PMS-PZT热释电材料

研究了组分改变对PMN-PMS-PZT(铌锰酸铅-锑锰酸铅-锆钛酸铅)热释电陶瓷材料的相组成、介电性能、热释电性能等方面的影响,并对实验结果进行了分析.实验结果表明:通过改变材料Zr/Ti的比例,在陶瓷介电常数εr和介电损耗tanδ变化不大的情况下,使得热释电系数的峰值向室温附近移动;在Zr/Ti=95/5时,常温(28℃)下介电常数占εr=228.5、介电损耗tanδ=0.23%,热释电系数P=25.5×10-4C/m2℃,探测率优值FD=47.3×10-5Pa-1/2,此类材料符合制作热释电红外探测器的要求.     

退火温度对PVDF薄膜结构的影响及其性能研究

通过拉伸工艺,在不同的退火温度下,制备了PVDF薄膜,用XRD分析了退火温度对拉伸PVDF薄膜β相含量的影响.实验结果表明,退火温度为120℃时,β相的含量达到最大值,薄膜呈现明显的铁电性,矫顽场接近1.0mV/cm,电位移D为5μC/cm2.在25℃时,薄膜的热释电系数p为0.3×10-8C/cm2·K.     

用于非制冷热释电红外探测器的 PZT铁电薄膜研究

采用溶胶-凝胶和射频磁控溅射相结合的方法制备了PZT铁电薄膜．用溶胶-凝胶法制备一层PZT薄膜作为籽晶层,在衬底PZT(seed layer)／Pt／Ti／SiO2／Si上用射频磁控溅射过量10％Pb的Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3(x=0．3)陶瓷靶生长厚500nm的PZT铁电薄膜．采用在450℃预退火,575℃后退火的快速分级退火方法对PZT铁电薄膜进行热处理．PZT铁电薄膜获得了较好的热释电性能,热释电系数、介电常数、介电损耗和探测度优值因子分别为P=2．3×10-8C·cm-2·K-1,ε=500,tanδ=0．02,Fd=0．94×10-5Pa-0.5．     

硅基三元系PMnN-PZT铁电薄膜制备与研究

利用磁控溅射方法在单晶Si基底上沉积三元系铁电薄膜6%PMnN-94%PZT(6%Pb(Mn1/3,Nb2/3)O3-94%Pb(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3),采用淬火方法对薄膜进行处理,以促进薄膜钙钛矿结构形成。同时,在相同条件下制备非掺杂PZT(52/48)薄膜以对比薄膜掺杂效果。运用X射线衍射(XRD)技术分析薄膜晶向及晶体结构,运用Sawyer Tower电路测试薄膜铁电性能,运用激光测振仪测试薄膜的压电系数。实验结果表明,所沉积薄膜为多晶钙钛矿结构铁电薄膜,薄膜铁电剩余极化Pr=23.7μC/cm2,饱和极化Ps=40μC/cm2,矫顽场电压2Ec=139kV/cm,横向压电系数e11=-13.2C/m2,薄膜的铁电及压电性能优良。     

离子束增强沉积制备钽酸锂薄膜电性能分析

为提升钽酸锂薄膜的性能,提出一种离子束增强沉积法制备钽酸锂薄膜的新工艺。分别采用这种新工艺和溶胶-凝胶法制备了钽酸锂薄膜,并利用阻抗分析仪和铁电材料分析仪对制备样品进行了介电性能、铁电特性、漏电电流和热释电特性分析。实验结果表明,采用离子束增强沉积制备的钽酸锂样品经550℃退火后,介电常数为39.44,介电损耗为0.045;测试电场强度为400kV/cm时,漏电流为4.76×10-8 A/cm2,击穿场强为680kV/cm,热释电系数达到1.82×10-4 C/m2 K。相比之下,采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备的钽酸锂薄膜样品,其介电常数、介电损耗、漏电流都更大,击穿场强和热释电系数更低。从电性能参数比较可以看出,离子束增强沉积法比溶胶-凝胶法更适合用于制备钽酸锂薄膜。     

LiTa308薄膜制备与电性能研究

以乙醇锂和乙醇钽为起始反应物,用溶胶一凝胶法在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si衬底上制备了新型钽酸锂LiTa3O8铁电薄膜.经XRD图谱对比,该薄膜结构不同于LiTaO3晶体结构,与正交相结构类似. SEM分析显示经过750℃结晶退火的LiTa3O8薄膜表面均匀平整无裂纹,膜厚约为1μm.实验结果表明,在450kV/cm时,LiTa3O8薄膜剩余极化强度Pr为9.3μC/cm2,矫顽场强Ec为126.8kV/cm;在9.5kV/cm时,LiTa3O8薄膜漏电电流为8.85x10-9A/cm2,比LiTaO3薄膜漏电小;在1kHz时,LiTa3O8薄膜介电常数为58.4,介电损耗为0.26.溶胶-凝胶法制备的LiTa3O8薄膜结晶温度比LiTaO3薄膜高50℃以上.     

Mn掺杂BST陶瓷的本征热释电性能研究

采用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同锰掺杂含量的BST陶瓷。研究表明,利用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备BST陶瓷粉末可以降低BST陶瓷的烧结温度至1250℃,Mn掺杂能明显降低BST陶瓷的铁电性,适量掺杂Mn可以获得具有介电常数适中、介电损耗较小,且室温下具有良好热释电性和探测率优值的BST陶瓷。1%Mn掺杂的BST陶瓷在室温下本征热释电系数γint=610nC/(cm2.K),低频下的探测率优值Fd=88.4×10-6Pa-1/2,可以满足制作热释电探测器的要求。讨论了Mn掺杂BST陶瓷的电畴翻转机制     

（Pb1-x Srx）TiO3铁电薄膜电滞回线的测试分析

采用磁控溅射法制备了PST薄膜,讨论了其制备工艺并着重对其电滞回线进行了测试分析.从测试结果来看,其饱和极化强度Ps典型值为19.0μC/cm2,剩余极化强度为6.6μC/cm2,矫顽场强为16 kV/cm,热释电系数为10-4量级.表明所制备的PST薄膜具有较好的铁电性能.     

磁控溅射制备(Pb1-xSrx)TiO3系铁电薄膜的实验研究

钛酸锶铅((Pb1-xSrx)TiO3,PST)固溶体材料是一种性能优良的钙钛矿型铁电材料,其形成铁电相的温度较低,且易于和半导体工艺结合,应用潜力较大.本文采用磁控溅射法制备了PST薄膜,并初步研究了其介电和铁电特性.结果表明,磁控溅射得到的PST薄膜必须进行一定的热处理,才能使之转变为具有铁电性的钙钛矿结构的铁电薄膜.其介电特性与测试频率有关,试样的饱和极化强度可达19μC/cm2,剩余极化强度可达6.6μC/cm2,矫顽场强达16kV/cm,热释电系数达10-4C/m2*K量级,表明所制备的PST薄膜具有良好的铁电性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from