From Wrapping to Knowledge

One the most challenging problems for enterprise information integration is to deal with heterogeneous information sources on the Web. The reason is that they usually provide information that is in human-readable form only, which makes it difficult for a software agent to understand it. Current solutions build on the idea of annotating the information with semantics. If the information is unstructured, proposals such as S-CREAM, MnM, or Armadillo may be effective enough since they rely on using natural language processing techniques; furthermore, their accuracy can be improved by using redundant information on the Web, as C-PANKOW has proved recently. If the information is structured and closely related to a back-end database, deep annotation ranges among the most effective proposals, but it requires the information providers to modify their applications; if deep annotation is not applicable, the easiest solution consists of using a wrapper and transforming its output into annotations. In this paper, we prove that this transformation can be automated by means of an efficient, domain-independent algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to devise and formalize such a systematic, general solution     

基于ROA的企业级解释系统一体化管理模式

随着企业级解释系统的推广应用,对系统的运维管理提出了更高要求。通过对企业级系统一体化管理模式的研究,利用先进的面向资源架构模式,给出了基于ROA的一体化管理平台具体设计与实施流程。从而,实现企业级解释系统资源的有效集成和灵活展现,满足不同层次的用户需求,为解释系统全局应用提供有力支撑。     

支持电信企业系统整合的本体知识库

随着电信企业竞争日益激烈,快速响应市场需求,建立有效的业务流程管理十分重要.通过三层的本体空间构建一个支持电信企业系统整合的本体知识库框架,使用本体知识库达到组件的有效重用和解决异构系统数据间的互操作性问题.     

设计重用技术理论体系研究

围绕设计重用这一思想,首次提出设计重用技术,将重用的范围扩展到产品的广义设计领域。用系统和集成的观点对设计重用技术的理论体系及其系统的组成进行了研究。粗略地将设计重用技术的研究内容划分为3个方面:可重用集成设计单元建模技术;可重用集成设计单元的重用技术;设计重用技术实施策略和方法。介绍了设计重用涉及的技术领域及关键因素,提出了新的适应设计重用的产品设计信息流程。最后,从FTQCSE6个企业竞争力要素方面分析了设计重用技术对企业市场竞争力的影响。     

A controlled experiment in maintenance: comparing design patternsto simpler solutions

Software design patterns package proven solutions to recurring design problems in a form that simplifies reuse. We are seeking empirical evidence whether using design patterns is beneficial. In particular, one may prefer using a design pattern even if the actual design problem is simpler than that solved by the pattern, i.e., if not all of the functionality offered by the pattern is actually required. Our experiment investigates software maintenance scenarios that employ various design patterns and compares designs with patterns to simpler alternatives. The subjects were professional software engineers. In most of our nine maintenance tasks, we found positive effects from using a design pattern: either its inherent additional flexibility was achieved without requiring more maintenance time or maintenance time was reduced compared to the simpler alternative. In a few cases, we found negative effects: the alternative solution was less error-prone or required less maintenance time. Overall, we conclude that, unless there is a clear reason to prefer the simpler solution, it is probably wise to choose the flexibility provided by the design pattern because unexpected new requirements often appear. We identify several questions for future empirical research     

Collaborative case-based estimating and design

Information Technology (IT) solutions to problems in construction design need to consider the perspectives of all the participants in the process; only then can IT provide a platform for integration. The research described examines issues involved in the integration of construction disciplines by using Case-Based Reasoning (CBR). It describes a hierarchical case memory structure and a context-based indexing method for retrieval and reuse of previous designs and their costs. Estimating and design cases selected for reuse are adapted with the use of sub-cases and domain specific adaptation rules. A prototype system, NIRMANI, was successfully implemented to support collaborative design.     

Seeing the forest through the trees: A review of integrated environmental modelling tools

Today’s interconnected socio-economic and environmental challenges require the combination and reuse of existing integrated modelling solutions. This paper contributes to this overall research area, by reviewing a wide range of currently available frameworks, systems and emerging technologies for integrated modelling in the environmental sciences. Based on a systematic review of the literature, we group related studies and papers into viewpoints and elaborate on shared and diverging characteristics. Our analysis shows that component-based modelling frameworks and scientific workflow systems have been traditionally used for solving technical integration challenges, but ultimately, the appropriate framework or system strongly depends on the particular environmental phenomenon under investigation. The study also shows that – in general – individual integrated modelling solutions do not benefit from components and models that are provided by others. It is this island (or silo) situation, which results in low levels of model reuse for multi-disciplinary settings. This seems mainly due to the fact that the field as such is highly complex and diverse. A unique integrated modelling solution, which is capable of dealing with any environmental scenario, seems to be unaffordable because of the great variety of data formats, models, environmental phenomena, stakeholder networks, user perspectives and social aspects. Nevertheless, we conclude that the combination of modelling tools, which address complementary viewpoints – such as service-based combined with scientific workflow systems, or resource-modelling on top of virtual research environments – could lead to sustainable information systems, which would advance model sharing, reuse and integration. Next steps for improving this form of multi-disciplinary interoperability are sketched.     

Facilitating Project Team Learning and Contributions to Organizational Knowledge

Innovative products, services, and processes are consequences of knowledge integration. Often the integration is of newly generated knowledge with other knowledge that the firm already has available. Especially in firms where long run performance depends on innovation, it behooves managers to think about how newly generated knowledge can be transferred quickly, effectively, and reliably, and thereby can be integrated with the firm’s current knowledge for early exploitation or captured as organizational knowledge in the form of practices, procedures, or files. New knowledge frequently originates in the context and activity of project teams – e.g., R&D teams, design teams, and re-engineering teams. In order to carry out their tasks, such teams frequently need to learn things already known to other organizational units, i.e., they need to acquire and assimilate organizational knowledge. Theoretically then, project teams both draw on the firm’s knowledge and contribute to the firm’s knowledge. The more effectively they carry out these actions, the more effective they are and the more effective their parent firms will be. This article identifies project team and organizational design practices that facilitate project team learning and contributions to organizational knowledge.     

本体知识库的模块与保守扩充

模块化是软件工程的一种方法,近年来被引入到本体领域,用以支持本体的重用和本体的整合。已有的工作没有讨论同时含有TBox和ABox的本体知识库的模块化的相关问题。在定义本体知识库的模块和知识库的保守扩充的基础之上,给出了知识库保守扩充的验证算法,并且从理论上证明可用知识库的保守扩充的验证算法来验证一个知识库是否为另外一个知识库的模块。     

面向产品外观设计的知识管理系统

为了在工业设计领域提升设计方案的创新性和生成效率,提出一种基于产品外观案例的显性和隐性设计知识管理方法.该方法根据产品外观设计知识和情景的特征建立了知识管理的目标和流程,通过引入外观设计知识本体框架和算法机制,支持设计师搜索相关案例,进行知识重用.最后利用手机外观设计知识管理系统,对该方法进行了说明和验证.     

实现中小企业产品设计重用的若干途径

产品设计知识重用日益受到国内外企业和学术界的关注。根据我国中小企业进行产品设计知识重用需求,讨论了适宜我国中小企业进行产品设计重用的若干途径和方法,主要包括:采用大规模定制、基于PDM等商品化软件、基于Web的零件库资源共享,以及基于CAD知识和工程语义的产品知识重用方法。该方法基于CAD知识和工程语义的双重网,解决一个面向低层次的产品结构的知识表达、查询和重用问题。     

敏捷制造环境下的系统集成方法

系统集成包括企业集成和信息系统集成，敏捷制造作为一种新的企业集成形式，是21世纪的工业生产和组织管理模式，强调企业对不可预测的市场环境快速响应和有效重构。敏捷制造对系统集成提出了更高的要求。敏捷制造环境下的信息系统应是分布，异构、可重构、可重用，可伸缩的。传统的信息系统体系结构难以适应敏捷制造环境。基于工作流管理系统的信息系统体系结构和基于多Agent系统的信息体系结构为敏捷制造环境下企业信息系统集成开辟了新的方向。     

安全访问控制系统的设计和实现

访问控制是现代企业信息系统设计的核心,它控制用户行为,保护系统资源的安全。传统的访问控制模块的设计与应用系统紧密耦合,使其无法得到很好的复用。本文介绍了轻量级目录访问控制协议(LightweightDirectoryAccessProtocol,简称LDAP)和基于角色的访问控制基于角色的访问控制(Role-basedAccessControl,简称RBAC)模型,基于它们设计了一个高效、安全的访问控制系统。该系统在省邮政综合服务平台中的到应用,有效解决了原有系统设计中的一些弊端。     

Facilitating experience reuse among software project managers

Organizations have lost billions of dollars due to poor software project implementations. In an effort to enable software project managers to repeat prior successes and avoid previous mistakes, this research seeks to improve the reuse of a specific type of knowledge among software project managers, experiences in the form of narratives. To meet this goal, we identify a set of design principles for facilitating experience reuse based on the knowledge management literature. Guided by these principles we develop a model called Experience Exchange for facilitating the reuse of experiences in the form of narratives. We also provide a proof-of-concept instantiation of a critical component of the Experience Exchange model, the Experience Exchange Library. We evaluate the Experience Exchange model theoretically and empirically. We conduct a theoretical evaluation by ensuring that our model complies with the design principles identified from the literature. We also perform an experiment, using the developed instantiation of the Experience Exchange Library, to evaluate if technology can serve as a medium for transferring experiences across software projects.     

Design patterns for ubiquitous computing

Design patterns offer a solution to the difficult problem of reusing prior design knowledge. We propose that such patterns also offer an effective way to communicate solutions to ubiquitous computing design problems. Some of the ubicomp design patterns include context-sensitive I/O, physical-virtual associations, global data, proxies for devices, follow-me display, appropriate levels of attention, and anticipation. Design patterns range in scale from a city to a room and, together, form a pattern language that designers can adapt to a project's particular level of complexity or detail.     

A case-based reasoning approach to cognitive map-driven tacitknowledge management

Knowledge is at the heart of knowledge management. In literature, a lot of studies have been suggested covering the role of knowledge in improving the performance of management. However, there are few studies about investigating knowledge itself in the arena of knowledge management. Knowledge circulating in an organization may be explicit or tacit. Until now, literature in knowledge management shows that it has mainly focused on explicit knowledge. On the other hand, tacit knowledge plays an important role in the success of knowledge management. It is relatively hard to formalize and reuse tacit knowledge. Therefore, research proposing the explication and reuse of tacit knowledge would contribute significantly to knowledge management research. In this sense, we propose using cognitive map (CM) as a main vehicle of formalizing tacit knowledge, and case-based reasoning as a tool for storing CM-driven tacit knowledge in the form of frame-typed cases, and retrieving appropriate tacit knowledge from the case base according to a new problem. Our proposed methodology was applied to a credit analysis problem in which decision-makers need tacit knowledge to assess whether a firm under consideration is healthy or not. Experiment results showed that our methodology for tacit knowledge management can provide decision makers with robust knowledge-based support.     

A Controlled Experiment Comparing the Maintainability of Programs Designed with and without Design Patterns—A Replication in a Real Programming Environment

Software design patterns seek to package proven solutions to design problems in a form that makes it possible to find, adapt and reuse them. To support the industrial use of design patterns, this research investigates when, and how, using patterns is beneficial, and whether some patterns are more difficult to use than others. This paper describes a replication of an earlier controlled experiment on design patterns in maintenance, with major extensions. Experimental realism was increased by using a real programming environment instead of pen and paper, and paid professionals from multiple major consultancy companies as subjects. Measurements of elapsed time and correctness were analyzed using regression models and an estimation method that took into account the correlations present in the raw data. Together with on-line logging of the subjects work, this made possible a better qualitative understanding of the results. The results indicate quite strongly that some patterns are much easier to understand and use than others. In particular, the Visitor pattern caused much confusion. Conversely, the patterns Observer and, to a certain extent, Decorator were grasped and used intuitively, even by subjects with little or no knowledge of patterns. The implication is that design patterns are not universally good or bad, but must be used in a way that matches the problem and the people. When approaching a program with documented design patterns, even basic training can improve both the speed and quality of maintenance activities.     

Method for identification and integration of design automation tasks in industrial contexts

Current industrial practice does not reflect the opportunities provided by state-of-the-art design automation methods. The limited application of computational methods to support the design process by automating design tasks is caused by the lack of methods for comprehensive design automation task definition. Therefore, potential design automation tasks are not recognized and already deployed solutions lack integration to design practice from a product lifecycle management (PLM) perspective. In response to these shortcomings, this work proposes a method for identification and integration of design automation tasks that features collaborative workshops and enterprise architecture modelling for comprehensive analysis of design processes including its technological environments. The method applies design automation task templates that contextualize the knowledge levels required for design automation task definition and the design process including its technological environments. Evaluation with three industrial cases shows that the method enables efficient identification and integration of potential design automation tasks in a PLM context. The application of knowledge levels in conjunction with enterprise architecture modelling support the identification and validation of the relevant sources of knowledge required for design automation task formalization. Thus, this work contributes by introducing and evaluating a novel method for design automation task definition that brings the opportunities of state-of-the-art design automation methods into line with requirements stemming from design practice and the related PLM.     

面向知识重用和智能创新的交互界面进化设计研究

为了让交互界面脱离依赖设计师个人经验和主观认知的传统设计方式,将设计知识加以重用,并为人工设计提供自动智能的创新启发.基于交互产品中常见的交互界面构建重用知识规则和边界,构建了交互界面进化基因模型,并利用遗传算法,通过构建针对交互界面编码的遗传算子、重用知识约束规则库和交互式评价等进化模块,形成了面向知识重用和自动化智...