Low-Temperature SCR of NO with NH3 over USY-Supported Manganese Oxide-Based Catalysts

A series of catalysts of manganese oxide, manganese–cerium and iron–manganese oxide supported on USY (ultra-stable Y zeolite) were studied for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excess oxygen. It was found that MnO_x/USY have high activity and high selectivity to N₂ in the temperature range 80-180 °C. The addition of iron and cerium oxide increased NO conversion significantly although the single-component Fe/USY and Ce/USY catalysts had low activities. Among the catalysts studied in this work, the 14% Ce-6% Mn/USY showed the highest activity. The results showed that this catalyst yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 180 °C at a space velocity of 30 000 cm³ g^-1 h^-1. The only product is N₂ (with no N₂O) below 150 °C. The effects of the concentration of oxygen, NO and NH₃ were studied and the steady-state kinetics were also investigated. The reaction order is 1 with respect to NO and zero with respect to NH₃ on the 14% Ce-6% Mn/USY catalyst at 150 °C.     

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 over Fe-ZSM-5 Catalysts Prepared by Sublimation of FeCl3 at Different Temperatures

Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by subliming FeCl₃ into H-ZSM-5. The method used allowed Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst preparation by FeCl₃ exchange at a desired sublimation temperature and was found to be more precise. The sublimation of FeCl₃ into H-ZSM-5 was carried out at 320 and 700 °C. Fe-ZSM-5 prepared by sublimation of FeCl₃ at 320 °C followed by rapid heating to 700 °C and the catalyst prepared by subliming FeCl₃ at 700 °C were found to be more active for NO reduction with NH₃ in the presence of simulated exhaust gases containing water vapor than catalysts prepared by subliming FeCl₃ at 320 °C. To determine the active sites, the catalysts were characterized by H₂-TPR, in situ DRIFTS of NO adsorption, NH₃-TPD, XRD and chemical analysis methods. The observed NO conversion differences in selective catalytic reduction using NH₃ could be correlated to the iron cation species present at different locations determined from diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Enhanced NO reduction activity was obtained when positions in Fe-ZSM-5, corresponding to Fe²⁺(NO) band at 1877 cm^-1 in DRIFTS, were preferentially occupied.     

N2O decomposition over wet- and solid-exchanged Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts

The N₂O decomposition activity of Fe-ZSM-5 strongly depends on the iron content and the preparation methods, including wet (WIE) and solid state ion exchanges (SSIE). The state of Fe species formed on the surface of a series of Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts containing a variety of Fe contents with respect to the preparation method and their role for N₂O decomposition activity have been systematically examined. The general trend for the decomposition activity of Fe-ZSM-5-SSIE is higher than that of Fe-ZSM-5-WIE, indicating the formation of a distinctive local structure of Fe on the catalyst surface during the course of the ion-exchange procedure. Based upon the Fourier transformed Fe K-edge EXAFS spectra for the series of Fe-ZSM-5-SSIE and -WIE catalysts, most of the Fe species on the surface of Fe-ZSM-5-SSIE with high Fe loading are well dispersed in the form of oxygen-bridged binuclear Fe species. The turnover frequency (TOF) for N₂O decomposition under dry and wet conditions has been confirmed assuming that Fe-ZSM-5-SSIE samples with Fe/Al = 0.20 and Fe/Al = 0.65 only contain mononuclear and binuclear Fe species, respectively, as active reaction species on their surface. The high performance of Fe-ZSM-5-SSIE may be mainly due to the formation of the binuclear Fe species onto its surface during the preparation of the catalyst.     

Low-temperature SCR of NO with NH3 over AC/C supported manganese-based monolithic catalysts

Metal oxide/active carbon/ceramic (MO_x/AC/C) monolithic catalysts were prepared by impregnation method for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ at low-temperature, and they also had been characterized by elemental analysis, N₂-BET, XRD, SEM and NO-TPD. The adsorption capability of the monolithic catalyst was greatly enhanced due to the attached active carbon. An ultrasonic treatment was used to improve the impregnation process, and which can increase their catalytic activities. More than 90% NO_x conversion could be achieved over the Mn-based monolithic catalysts at low-temperature, and which could be improved further by doping Ce, from 30% to 78% at 100 °C. Mn–Fe–Ce and Mn–V–Ce monolithic catalysts had better tolerance to SO₂ than Mn or Mn–Ce monolithic catalysts.     

Fe-ZSM-5 for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3: A Comparative Study of Different Preparation Techniques

Fe-ZSM-5 are prepared by using four different techniques: conventional aqueous ion-exchange (CA), improved aqueous ion-exchange (IA), solid-state ion-exchange (SS) and chemical vapor ion-exchange (CV). All of the catalysts show very high activities for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia. However, the activities are different and follow the sequence of Fe-ZSM-5 (IA) > Fe-ZSM-5 (CA), Fe-ZSM-5 (SS) > Fe-ZSM-5 (CV). ESR results indicate that Fe³⁺ ions with tetrahedral coordination are the active sites for the SCR reaction.     

纳米贵金属催化剂制备的研究进展

介绍了化学还原法、电化学法、化学气相沉积法、微波辅助法和模板法等纳米贵金属催化剂的制备方法,论述了各种方法的制备过程和研究进展,指出纳米贵金属催化剂现有的制备技术还不够成熟,较难实现工业化;纳米催化剂性能稳定控制技术尚未掌握,在空气中极易被氧化、吸湿和团聚,性能不够稳定等问题。需要在提高催化反应效率、优化反应途径和提高反应速率等方面进行广泛深入研究和探讨,尽早使纳米贵金属催化剂实用化。     

硫化铂族金属加氢催化剂的研究进展

硫化铂族金属催化剂为可提高有机液相加氢反应选择性的高效催化剂,能提高含羰基、羟基和卤素等官能团化合物催化加氢反应的选择性,应用广泛。综述了国内外负载型Pt和Pd等硫化贵金属催化剂的制备方法,包括采用H_2S和Na_2S无机硫化以及Ph_2S和DMSO(二甲基亚砜)等有机硫化剂进行硫化;综述了Pt和Pd硫化贵金属催化剂在有机液相催化加氢体系中的应用;并对硫化Pt族金属催化剂的硫化机理和催化机理进行探讨,展望了硫化贵金属催化剂的应用前景。     

乙炔氢氯化反应无汞贵金属催化剂的研究进展

受“水俣公约”和环境保护政策约束,研究和开发新型无汞催化剂是保障我国乙炔法制备聚氯乙烯未来发展的核心环节。无汞催化剂包括贵金属催化剂、非贵金属催化剂和非金属催化剂,其中贵金属催化剂被认为是最具有工业化应用前景的催化剂。本文概述了近年来国内外乙炔氢氯化贵金属Au、Ru、Pd和Pt催化剂的研究进展,重点综述了不同催化剂的活性组分、催化机理及催化剂的改性方法等方面的研究,分析了不同改性方法的作用机制及不同催化剂改性的研究方向。研究表明,添加助剂或多金属复配、配体和离子液体的使用及载体改性均使贵金属催化剂的催化活性和稳定性得到一定程度提高,从而进一步增加了贵金属催化剂工业化应用的可能性。     

过渡金属型锰基低温NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂研究综述

综述了一元至多元过渡金属与锰的复合氧化物和负载型过渡金属与锰基催化剂的低温脱硝性能,着重阐述了在不同活性组分下,制备出不同结构的过渡金属催化剂对脱硝活性的影响。分析总结了过渡金属催化剂在低温NH₃-SCR中的反应机理及其抗水抗硫性能,最后,针对过渡金属催化剂存在的问题,展望了该领域未来可能的发展方向和研究热点。     

Characterization and activity of Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts for the total oxidation of phenol in aqueous solutions

Fe-ZSM-5 zeolites with of Si/Fe ratios varying from 40 to 200 were synthesized and characterized by IR, XRD, SEM, ESR and ion-exchange techniques. From the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that, these zeolites have a good crystallinity and that the incorporation of Fe³⁺ ions into the MFI-structure depends on the Si/Fe ratios in the gel: the higher the Si/Fe ratio, the more the percentage of Fe³⁺ions is incorporated into the MFI lattice.

Catalytic properties of Fe-ZSM-5 were studied in the oxidation of phenol. The reaction was performed in a static system, at the atmospheric pressure, 343 K, and with H₂O₂ concentration, which exceeds stoichiometric concentration for complete oxidation of phenol to carbon dioxide and water. From the catalytic results, it can be concluded that framework Fe can catalyze more completely phenol oxidation than the extra-framework Fe does.     

Noble Metal (Pt, Rh, Pd) Promoted Fe-ZSM-5 for Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia to N2 at Low Temperatures

We have reported previously the excellent performance of Fe-exchanged ZSM-5 for selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to nitrogen at high temperatures (e.g., 400-500 °C). The present work indicates that the reaction temperature can be decreased to 250-350 °C when a small amount of noble metal (Pt, Rh or Pd) is added (by both doping and ion exchange) to the Fe-ZSM-5. The SCO activity follows the order: Pt/Fe-ZSM-5 > Rh/Fe-ZSM-5 > Pd/Fe-ZSM-5. The noble metal promoted Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts also show higher activity for NH₃ oxidation than Ce-exchanged Fe-ZSM-5 at low temperatures. On the Pt promoted Fe-ZSM-5, near 100% of NH₃ conversion is obtained at 250 °C at a high space velocity (GHSV = 2.3 × 10⁵ h^-1) and nitrogen is the main product. The presence of H₂O and SO₂ decreases the SCO performance only slightly. This catalyst is a good candidate for solving the ammonia slip problem that plagues the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in power plants.     

乙炔氢氯化反应贵金属无汞催化剂研究进展

概述近年来国内外乙炔氢氯化反应贵金属无汞催化剂的研究进展,主要探讨了催化剂的活性组分、载体及其对催化活性的影响,简要介绍催化剂失活原因与再生手段.多种贵金属的协同催化、载体处理方法的多样化、制备过程的条件优化是贵金属无汞催化剂未来的发展方向.     

氨法选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法,以TiO₂为载体,负载P₂ O₅、V₂O₅和MoO₃或WO₃制备选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂,研究了不同磷含量以及水蒸汽对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂中磷含量增加,P₂O₅-V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂的SCR活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,含质量分数0.5%P₂ O₅催化剂的活性较好。反应体系中水蒸汽的存在对催化剂的低温活性有明显的抑制作用。     

在乙二胺中合成Fe-ZSM-5分子筛的研究

在乙二胺体系中，采用水热法合成了Fe—ZSM—5型沸石分子筛，考察了有机胺用量、硅铁比、温度、时间、晶种等因素对Fe—ZSM—5沸石合成的影响，并通过IR技术证实了Fe^3 进入了分子筛骨架。研究表明在此体系，适宜的有机胺用量：m(EDA)／m(SiO2)=O．8，相对高的硅铁比：m(SiO2)／m(Fe2O3)=65，温度160℃，时间2d，有利于Fe—ZSM—5分子筛的合成，加入晶种HZSM—5有利于Fe—ZSM—5的合成。     

多组元贵金属尾气净化催化剂的氧化性能

用微反装置研究了Pt-Pd/Al₂O₃和Pt-Rh-Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂氧化态和还原态的催化活性。对催化剂进行了XRD、TPD和TPR表征,并对反应机理进行了探讨。结果表明,氧化态Pt-Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂的氧化性能优于其还原态,且具有相同的催化机理;氧化态Pt-Rh-Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂的氧化性能逊于其还原态,主要是由不同的催化机理所致。     

Reduction of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen at gas diffusion electrodes with noble metal catalysts

The electrochemical reduction of NO in alkaline solutions was investigated at gas diffusion electrodes with various metal (Ru, Rh, lr, Pd and Pt) catalysts at various NO flow rates. Reduction currents are observed at potentials more negative than 0.95 V, which increase with the decrease in potential and also with increasing gas flow rate. The faradaic efficiencies of N2O formation decrease with decreasing NO flow rate and with decrease in potential. The faradaic efficiencies of N2 formation increase with decreasing flow rate and with decrease in potential. The reduction of NO to N2 at a flow rate of 5mlmin–1 occurs selectively at potentials more negative than 0.1V; the faradaic efficiency of N2 formation is approximately 95 at Pd catalysts.Electricity production and NO decomposition can be carried out simultaneously using an H2NO fuel cell reactor. The faradaic efficiency of N2 formation at a flow rate of 5mlmin–1 is approximately 80 at a cell voltage of 0.25 V.     

金属氧化物催化CO还原NO的研究进展

一氧化碳（CO）广泛存在于烧结/球团/焦化烟气或汽车尾气中,应用CO-选择性催化还原（SCR）技术同时脱除烟气中CO和NO是烟气治理的理想方案之一。目前,在NO-CO反应研究中较多的是贵金属催化剂,但由于其价格昂贵、高温失活、易中毒等问题难以在工业中实现应用。本文将近几年来金属氧化物催化CO还原NO的研究成果进行了系统的梳理与总结,重点介绍Fe基、Ce基、Co基、Cu基这4种金属氧化物催化剂的研究进展,分析催化剂的制备方法、掺杂助剂种类和比例、NO-CO反应条件等因素与催化活性之间的关系,总结催化剂抗水抗硫性能及可能的CO-SCR反应机理,并探讨O₂存在的条件下对催化剂活性的影响,为提高金属氧化物催化剂抗氧性研究提供理论参考。     

碱金属化合物对V2O5/AC催化剂低温脱硝的影响

研究了碱金属化合物(K₂SO₄)对活性炭(AC)担载五氧化二钒(V₂O₅)组成的V₂O₅/AC催化剂的低温脱硝活性的影响。发现在V₂O₅/AC催化剂表面负载碱金属化合物(K₂SO₄)后其脱硝活性大大降低。用等体积浸渍法制备了V₂O₅/AC催化剂和K_x-V₂/AC(x=0.5,1,2)催化剂。采用5种模型对动力学实验数据进行关联。结果显示,无论V₂O₅/AC催化剂是否负载K₂SO₄,Eley-Rideal模型均比其他模型可更好地描述SCR脱硝反应,碱金属化合物(K₂SO₄)的存在提高了反应活化能,但并不改变反应机理。     

工业粒度Fe-ZSM-5分子筛上N_2O一步氧化苯制苯酚工艺条件研究

为实现N_2O一步氧化苯制备苯酚的工业化生产,基于自制的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛(粒度?1.5 mm×1 mm),在等温固定床积分反应器中,以单因素实验和正交实验[L_9(3~4)]相结合的方式,系统考察了温度(375~475℃)、空速(2 500~10 500 h~(-1))和苯与N_2O的物质的量比(6:1~14:1)等操作条件对N_2O一步氧化苯制苯酚反应过程规律及产物分布的影响。结果表明,实验所用Fe-ZSM-5分子筛对N_2O一步氧化苯制苯酚具有良好的催化活性和选择性;该反应过程存在催化剂起始活性高但失活速率快的特点,适宜操作条件域的选取对催化剂性能的发挥至关重要;基于正交实验分析最终确定的相对适宜工艺条件操作域为:温度425~450℃、空速4 500~5 500 h~(-1)和苯与N_2O的物质的量比8:1~10:1,在此条件下苯酚收率可达60%以上。