气液喷射式磺化反应器的应用研究

用喷射式磺化反应器分别对脂肪酸甲酯、烷基苯、重烷基苯、脂肪醇、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚和α 烯烃等原料进行了SO3气相磺化/硫酸化反应,研究了反应器主要结构参数对产品质量的影响,并与膜式反应器作了比较。结果表明:喷射磺化反应器制备的烷基苯磺酸、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸的产品质量与膜式磺化反应器相当,制备的重烷基苯磺酸盐产品质量稳定,降低原油/水界面张力的能力优于膜式磺化器制备的产品,但在磺化α 烯烃、硫酸化脂肪醇和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚时转化率低于90%,产品质量明显不及膜式反应器。从两种反应器的传质、传热机理及效率,不同有机原料的SO3磺化机理及反应速度等方面对以上现象进行了分析和讨论,认为喷射式磺化反应器适用于脂肪酸甲酯、烷基苯、重烷基苯的磺化,目前的结构参数不适用于α 烯烃、脂肪醇和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚的磺化/硫酸化反应,需要进一步调整,改善传质效率。     

双膜式和多管式磺化反应器传质系数的比较

通过对双膜和多管膜式磺化反应器传质系数的计算与分析比较，表明传质系数的决定性因素是三氧化硫的扩散距离，其传质系数与实际情况较接近。又根据传质系数建立了反应高度与反应率的关系，分析了产品质量差异的原因，以及多管膜式磺化反应器和双膜式磺化反应器差异的原因。     

三氧化硫磺化技术进展

综述了三氧化硫磺化在染料中间体生产中的应用和技术进展。其技术进步主要是：1)改善磺化反应的工艺条件、提高产品收率、减少废酸；2)优化反应器的设计，提高设备的传质和传热效率；3)选择新的络合物或催化剂，使产物的选择性提高。同时，还介绍了一些典型的磺化工艺流程和反应装置。     

磺化反应器研究进展

磺化反应器是磺化反应的核心之一,磺化反应器的结构特点、传热、传质性能等直接影响到磺化产品的质量和选择性.本文介绍了磺化反应器的发展历程及现状,对各种磺化反应器的性能及特点分别进行了阐述,讨论了现有磺化反应器的优点以及局限性,并指出今后磺化反应器的改进及开发研究方向.     

喷射磺化反应器及其应用

本文论述了喷射磺化反应器的反应原理、结构、工艺参数的选定及应用特点。笔者认为,喷射磺化反应器由于对SO_3气体的压力没有要求,因此,它在硫酸行业中是一种较有前途的磺化设备。     

正交设计法研究腐植酸磺化工艺

以腐植酸、Na2SO3、NaOH为原料对褐煤腐植酸进行磺化改性。采用电导法对其磺化度进行测定。通过考察固液比、反应时间、反应温度对磺化腐植酸磺化度的影响并通过正交实验获得最佳工艺参数：磺化剂与腐植酸钠溶液之比2：20、磺化温度50℃、磺化时间90min;产品磺化度17．72％。     

喷射环流反应器中甲苯气相三氧化硫磺化

<正>对甲苯磺酸是制备对甲酚的重要中间体。目前,工业上主要采用甲苯浓硫酸磺化的方法生产,该方法硫酸利用率低,生产过程产生大量废酸,造成环境污染严重;同时,由于磺化产物中,间甲苯磺酸含量高达4%以上,以此为原料生产高纯对甲酚的收率低、成本高、工艺复杂,以SO_3为磺化剂能克服以上不足。对于大相对分子质量的烷基苯（如十二烷基苯）的SO_3磺化早已工业化,关于小相对分子质量烷基苯（如甲苯）的磺化,1983年,Sohrabi建立了气液传质模型,Davidsohn提出了多釜串联生产对甲苯磺酸的专利技术,但至今未见有工业化报道,针对SO_3磺化甲苯具有反应速度快,放热量大等特点,本文首次将用于生化反应过程的喷射环流反应器用于气相SO_3磺化甲苯的反应过程,克服了釜式磺化反应器传质比表面积小、体积大及降膜磺化反应器内易出现局部过热、结构复杂等不足。通过实验,对反应产物的物性变化情况、反应器内的气含率特性及工艺条件进行了初步研究,为工程放大提供了合理的依据。     

双膜式三氧化硫磺化反应器模型研究(上篇)

本文研究建立了双膜磺化反应器模型,用以表征反应器中转化率、温度及压力等随塔长的分布为气体和液体的流动状态、物性参数、液膜的组成及系统中其他参数的函数,并预示反应器中其特征分布与工艺操作参数之间相对应的函数关系。模型计算结果与生产装置实测数据较接近。模型的研究对磺化反应器的结构及其工程设计以及在生产操作过程中工艺参数的优化、提高产品质量具有指导意义。     

褐煤腐植酸磺化改性工艺及表征

为提高腐植酸的亲水性能,对褐煤腐植酸进行磺化改性。以Na2SO3为磺化剂,以磺化度为考察指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验研究了磺化温度、磺化剂固液比、磺化时间对褐煤磺化腐植酸磺化度的影响,得到褐煤磺化腐植酸最佳制备条件,并通过红外光谱分析和热重分析对褐煤磺化腐植酸性能进行表征。结果表明:磺化温度对褐煤磺化腐植酸磺化度的影响最大,其次为磺化时间,磺化剂固液比影响较小。在磺化温度50℃,磺化剂固液比2∶20,磺化时间90 min条件下制备的褐煤磺化腐植酸磺化度为17.72%。红外光谱表明:褐煤磺化腐植酸含有苯环、羧基、羟基、酚羟基,磺酸基团明显增多,褐煤腐植酸磺化改性成功。热重分析表明:褐煤磺化腐植酸低于200℃时稳定,大于200℃时发生裂解反应;小于330℃裂解反应为吸热过程,大于330℃为放热过程。     

三氧化硫磺化装置的优化设计

简述了三氧化硫磺化技术的发展历程、三氧化硫磺化装置的现状;分别从不同工艺技术单元、磺化关键设备一磺化反应器和控制系统等方面论述了三氧化硫磺化装置的优化设计,节省能源消耗,降低了生产成本,实际生产过程容易控制,保证磺化产品质量有了进一步的提高。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。