基于利益相关者理论的能效标准标识制度分析

能效标准标识制度是产品能效领域的重要法律制度。本文针对能效标准标识制度运行过程中存在的问题,以利益相关者理论为视角,通过分析能效标准标识制度中各利益相关者的地位与利益诉求,主张从政府引导利益相关者参与规则的建立、用能产品生产者参与的前置和责任的强化、公众的全过程监督机制的建立和销售商责任的加强几个方面建立利益相关者共同参与的制度体系。     

能效标准和能效标识

能效标准和能效标识制度是我国重要的节能手段,是节能产品认证、政府节能采购、财政激励等政策推广实施的技术基础文件,是消费者认知节能产品、生产企业推广销售节能产品的有效工具。节能标识的实施将加速淘汰高耗能产品,鼓励开发生产高效节能产品,扩大节能产品的市场分额,促进节能产品的推广普及。     

能效标识要标"实"——解决我国家用电器能效标识虚标问题的措施建议

我国在能效标识制度实施过程中,存在能效标识虚标的问题.本文对比分析了国际主要经济体能效标识制度的实施情况,提出了加大对能效标识产品的监督检查力度、充分发挥市场监督作用及加大对能效标识虚标行为的惩罚力度的建议.     

我国能效标准实施和监督机制框架及措施建议

本文在总结目前我国能效标准实施的现状和存在问题的基础上,借鉴国际能效标准实施和监督模式,从支撑环境、实施主体、实施措施方面提出了建立我国能效标准实施和监督机制的框架。针对如何完善有关能效标准的法律、制度,以及建立社会监督机制等提出了具体的政策建议。     

实施产品能效标准与标识制度

对落实资源与环境保护政策而言,国际上公认为比较有效的做法之一,就是推行“家用电器能效标准与标识”活动,促进本国的能源节约和提高能源效率。实施能效标准要求用能产品的能源效率在规定时期达到一定的指标要求;推行能源标识活动则是加强生产者与消费者的交流,引导消费者购买能源效率高的产品,同时推动生产者采用高能效的技术。国外近十几年来推行“家用电器能源标准与标识”活动的经验表明,实施能效标准与标识是一项行之有效且代价最小的政策,这对提高本国的能源效率与节能工作起了非常有益的引导作用。     

推进节能型空调消费的途径选择

1节能型空调市场占有率偏低国家空调能效标准和能效标识制度自2005年3月1日实施以来,能效比一级和两级的空调产品市场占有率有所增加,但仍然不高。据2005年我们对上海空调市场的调研,一、二级节能型空调产品仅     

加强空调能效监管 推动高效空调消费

实施强制性能效标准和能效信息标识制度，加强耗能产品的能效管理，提高耗能产品的能源利用效率，对缓解我国能源需求紧张、消除经济发展的瓶颈制约，确保达到我国中长期经济发展目标，将发挥积极的作用。     

计算机显示器能效标识制度与能效测试

在计算机显示器能效标准和能效测试的基础上,通过分类统计的方法,分析了被测显示器的能效等级和能效指标的分布,讨论了计算机显示器的能效水平和制约因素,说明能效标识制度的实施促进了计算机显示器的节能进程,并对其节能技术创新具有一定的指导意义。     

建筑能效评估方法探讨

随着世界能源紧张形势的日趋严峻,建筑节能已成为节能工作的重点.本文介绍了欧美等发达国家的建筑能效标识,指出了我国<建筑能效测评与标识技术导则>的不足,探讨目前适合我国建筑能效评估的方法,相信对完善我国建筑能效标识制度具有一定的借鉴作用.     

我国空调能效比标准将提高

国家标准化管理委员会日前透露 ,我国将强制推行空调能效标识认证制度 ,目前数值为 2 6的合格空调能效比标准将被修正、提高 ,国家新规定的空调能效标准将在明年正式实施。这就意味着目前市场上能效比刚刚达到标准的空调产品 ,将在标准提升后失去“市场准人证”。为此 ,在新制度实施前 ,空调厂家应提高空调的能效水平并停产低效空调 ,否则 ,厂家和消费者都将蒙受损失我国空调能效比标准将提高     

Building energy efficiency labeling programme in Singapore

The use of electricity in buildings constitutes around 16% of Singapore's energy demand. In view of the fact that Singapore is an urban city with no rural base, which depends heavily on air-conditioning to cool its buildings all year round, the survival as a nation depends on its ability to excel economically. To incorporate energy efficiency measures is one of the key missions to ensure that the economy is sustainable. The recently launched building energy efficiency labelling programme is such an initiative. Buildings whose energy performance are among the nation's top 25% and maintain a healthy and productive indoor environment as well as uphold a minimum performance for different systems can qualify to attain the Energy Smart Office Label. Detailed methodologies of the labelling process as well as the performance standards are elaborated. The main strengths of this system namely a rigorous benchmarking database and an independent audit conducted by a private accredited Energy Service Company (ESCO) are highlighted. A few buildings were awarded the Energy Smart Office Label during the launching of the programme conducted in December 2005. The labeling of other types of buildings like hotels, schools, hospitals, etc. is ongoing.     

美国能源之星计划最新动态分析

能源之星计划是美国用能产品节能管理措施的重要组成部分,对世界各国的节能法规和标准产生了重要影响,在一定程度上,产品获得能源之星认证已成为进入发达国家市场的一个通行证。能源之星计划目前覆盖商业设备、家用电器、办公室设备、照明产品、房屋建材产品5大类60类终端耗能产品。2009年,新颁布了电视机和LED灯等5类产品标准,包括洗碗机、洗衣机、计算机、显示器等13类产品的标准陆续生效,这些新的标准将对我国相关产品出口到美国造成一定影响。生产商获取能源之星认证需要3个步骤:确定产品是否已符合或者能够符合能源之星标准;制造商成为能源之星合作伙伴;履行能源之星合作伙伴的义务。美国能源之星计划与我国能效标准、欧盟EuP/ErP指令三者相比,能源之星的要求较其他两者更严,规定的技术项目也更多。相比之下,我国能效标准水平较低,仍存在提升的空间,同时在实施过程中尚存在法律法规不够健全、行业自律性差、公众能效意识较低等一些现实障碍。     

Improving energy efficiency The effectiveness of government action

Energy conservation involves the substitution of intelligence, prudence, maintenance, and better equipment for scarce, insecure, and costly energy. These substitutions improve efficiency of energy use and thereby enhance economic productivity. The benefits of conservation are clear, but the proper role for government is hotly debated. Although the normal workings of the market system are doing much to stimulate cost-effective conservation actions, several barriers to conservation still exist. Government programmes are needed to help overcome these barriers. Present US Department of Energy conservation programmes could reduce annual energy use by 2.7 quads in 1985 and by 13 quads in 2000. The present worth of the estimated cumulative oil saving over 20 years is $50 billion, in addition to the savings realized by energy consumers themselves.     

Performance investigation of hydrogen production from a hybrid wind-PV system

In this study, a hybrid system consisted of 10 kW wind and 1 kWp PV array is built to meet the load demand of a raise chucker partridge raising facility by renewable energy sources. The facility has an average energy consumption of about 20.33 kWh/day, with a peak demand of 2.4 kW. The solar radiation data and wind data of the region are analyzed for sizing of the renewable energy system. The performance of each alternative system is examined in terms of energy efficiency, and H₂ production capacity of the hybrid system from due to excessive electrical energy is studied. A Matlab-Simulink Software is used for analyzing the system performance. The average range of state of charge varies between 56.6% and 88.3% monthly from April to July. The amount of hydrogen production by excess electricity is 14.4 kg in the month of July, due to the high wind speed and solar radiation. Energy efficiency of the electrolyser is found to be varying between 64% and 70% percent. Energy efficiency of each hybrid system is calculated. The overall energy efficiency of wind-electrolyser system varies between 5% and 14% while the energy efficiency of PV-electrolyser system changes within a narrower range, as between 7.9% to and 8.5%, respectively.     

Information inefficiency and willingness-to-pay for energy-efficient technology: A stated preference approach for China Energy Label

The paper examines the extent to which consumers' willingness-to-pay for energy-efficient room air conditioners may be altered by correcting the information inefficiency on the China Energy Label. The data are collected from a discrete choice experiment with two alternatives (variable-speed and constant-speed room air conditioners) characterized by attributes of brand, purchase price and energy grade. Three versions of the questionnaires with choice sets differing only in energy consumption indicators were distributed randomly to 1602 potential consumers in Nanjing, China and a sample of 1569 was obtained after dropping missing data. The analysis with multinomial and mixed logit models reveal that the price premium that consumers are willing to pay for a variable-speed room AC over a constant-speed room AC increases significantly when energy consumption information becomes comparable and additional energy-related information is provided. Furthermore, the impact of information on WTP varies under different energy-saving scenarios. It is suggested that China Energy Label should correct information inefficiency by adopting same energy indicators for room ACs with different technologies and providing energy consumption information based on different climate zones.     

Energy and exergy analyses of an integrated SOFC and coal gasification system

This paper examines an integrated gasification and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system with a gas turbine and steam cycle that uses heat recovery of the gas turbine exhaust. Energy and exergy analyses are performed with two different types of coal. For the two different cases, the energy efficiency of the overall system is 38.1% and 36.7%, while the exergy efficiency is 27% and 23.2%, respectively. The effects of changing the reference temperature on the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of different components are also reported. A parametric study on the effects of changing the pressure ratio on the component performance is presented.     

The impact of EU policies on energy use in and the evolution of the UK built environment

Energy use in buildings is influenced by a variety of factors in complex ways. Historically, in the UK the efficiency of energy use in buildings has not been a major consideration in their design. Now policy concern with climate change is changing this, because buildings have come to be perceived as the locus of energy use with the highest cost-effective energy savings potential. In the UK, the energy efficiency of the building stock is rather low. The paper focuses largely on energy use in the UK's existing building stock and the two main European Union Directives which affect it: the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive and the Energy Services Directive. The Directives are complex, and there are a number of supporting programmes set up by the European Commission to aid their implementation. Even so, they have been implemented in differing ways in different European countries, and implementation remains patchy. The Directives have the potential to be a major influence on the evolution of the UK's built environment, but their effect will depend on the details of the Directives’ implementation and enforcement, many of which are not yet clear.     

Energy policy and standard for built environment in China

Trends in China's energy future will have considerable consequences for both China and the global environment. Though China's carbon emissions are low on a per capita basis, China is already ranked the world's second largest producer of carbon, behind only America. China's buildings sector currently accounts for 23% of China's total energy use and is projected to increase to one-third by 2010. Energy policy plays an important role in China's sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to provide a broad overview of energy efficiency issues in the built environment in China. This paper, firstly briefly, reviews the key national policies related to the built environment and demonstrates the government's environmental concern. Secondly, the authors introduce recent energy policies in the built environment. Energy efficiency and renewable energy in the built environment, which are the key issues of the national energy policy, have been reviewed. Discussion of the implementation of energy policy has been carried out.     

Potential energy savings and environmental impacts of energy efficiency standards for vapor compression central air conditioning units in China

Owing to the rapid development of economy and the stable improvement of people's living standard, central air conditioning units are broadly used in China. This not only consumes large energy, but also results in adverse energy-related environmental issues. Energy efficiency standards are accepted effective policy tools to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions. Recently, China issued two national energy efficiency standards, GB19577-2004 and GB19576-2004, for vapor compression central air conditioning units for the first time. This paper first reviews the two standards, and then establishes a mathematic model to evaluate the potential energy savings and environmental impacts of the standards. The estimated results indicate implementing these standards will save massive energy, as well as benefit greatly to the environment. Obviously, it is significant to implement energy efficiency standards for central air conditioning units in China.     

某星级会所能源系统节能方案设计及探索

瑞仕华庭会所它是一所按国家绿色三星设计标识要求进行设计的节能型会所。文章对它的能源系统的节能方案设计作了详细的介绍。其能源系统涉及用于会所夏天制冷、冬天制热、三季泳池池水加热、四季生活热水制取的高效热回收型地源热泵系统,带热回收功能的集空调、除湿、泳池加温功能一体的三集一体机系统,以及与地源热泵联动的太阳能热水系统等综合节能和舒适性系统。