脱脂脱蛋白质对黑麦粉理化特性及体外消化特性的影响

黑麦是制作面包的常用原料,但是关于黑麦的消化特性鲜有报道。作者以黑麦粉为原料,制备了脱脂黑麦粉、脱蛋白质黑麦粉及黑麦淀粉;探究了蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉对黑麦粉理化特性、体外淀粉消化速率及估计血糖生成指数的影响。经不同处理后,样品在化学组成、溶解度、糊化特性等方面均有显著差异,尤以黑麦粉和黑麦淀粉之间的差异最为显著。实验结果表明黑麦粉的淀粉水解速率低于脱脂黑麦粉、脱蛋白质黑麦粉和黑麦淀粉,且脱蛋白质处理对于黑麦粉体外淀粉消化速率的影响较脱脂处理更为显著。血糖生成指数(eGI)从低到高依次为:黑麦(69.19)脱脂黑麦(76.77)脱蛋白质黑麦(79.73)黑麦淀粉(81.08)。     

黑麦水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖制备及其在面包生产中应用

该文采用黑麦粉,经过加热提取,乙醇沉淀后得到的黑麦水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖,作为功能性食品添加剂应用于面包生产中,探讨黑麦阿拉伯水溶性木聚糖对面包品质的影响。结果表明:面粉中添加黑麦阿拉伯水溶性木聚糖能改善面粉品质,增加面包体积;另外,因其具有较高的持水性,可减缓淀粉老化,延长面包货架期,提高面包品质。     

黑麦粉对面包烘焙特性及感官品质影响研究

黑麦具有特殊的营养价值,有一定的开发前景。在食品工业领域,黑麦作为优质的食用色素广泛应用于果汁、果脯等产品的生产。面包是人们生活中重要的主食,因其易消化吸收而备受青睐。添加一定量的黑麦粉到面包中,不仅能增加面包的营养,改善面包的口味,从而生产出营养均衡的黑麦面包。本文主要对混合粉的特性及黑麦面包的烘焙特性、感官评价进行分析,得出最优配方,从而得到高品质的黑麦面包,满足广大消费者的需求。     

黑麦(裸麦)粉的营养保健功能及其开发应用

介绍了黑麦的国内外发展概况，黑麦的营养保健特点和功能成分，黑麦粉的加工特性，黑麦粉与小麦粉混合制作面包的加工工艺和注意事项。     

黑麦阿拉伯木聚糖的结构、性质与营养功能

黑麦主要种植在欧洲国家，主要被用来制作面包、动物饲料及其它食品。在中欧，黑麦对促进各种各样面包的发展起重要作用。在德国，大部分普通面包由70％小麦粉和30％黑麦粉组成。除了α-淀粉酶的活性，阿拉伯木聚糖的含量(总的以及水溶性的)是决定黑麦加工焙烤性能最主要的因素。本文主要就黑麦阿拉伯木聚糖的结构、性能以及营养功能论述如下。     

黑麦混合粉的品质特性研究

近年来,黑麦作为一种良好的烘培食品和保健食品的原料,被广泛应用于食品工业中.针对黑麦粉筋力较弱的问题,提出添加高筋粉改善黑麦粉加工品质的方法.通过将不同比例的黑麦粉和高筋粉进行搭配并混合均匀,研究了混合粉的理化指标、糊化特性和流变学特性等.试验结果表明,随着黑麦粉比例的增加,黑麦混合粉的灰分、粗蛋白质含量、降落数值、面筋含量和面筋指数提高,白度降低;糊化特性中的糊化温度变化并不明显,峰值黏度降低,峰值时间增加;粉质特性中的吸水率无明显变化,稳定时间、弱化度和粉质质量指数降低;拉伸特性中的拉伸能量、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸比和最大拉伸比这些指标都有先增加后减小的趋势,即混合粉的拉伸指标普遍低于高筋小麦粉的拉伸指标.同时以黑麦粉与高筋小麦粉比例为6∶4的混合粉理化指标与其糊化、流变学特性进行相关性分析,得知其理化指标与糊化、粉质和拉伸特性的相关性良好,粗蛋白质与糊化、粉质和拉伸特性中的很多指标呈极显著关系.     

糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变特性和面包烘焙特性的影响

采用发酵流变测定仪和质构分析仪研究不同比例的糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变学特性和面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明：无论面团冷冻与否,随着糯麦比例增加,面团发展的最大高度(Hm)和持气率(R)逐渐下降,而气体释放曲线最大高度(H＇m)和CO2产气量(Vco2)在一定程度上增加。随着冻藏时间的延长,面团各种参数(Hm、H＇m、R等)逐渐降低,但是下降的幅度随糯麦粉添加量的增加而减小,如与冻藏7d相比,添加质量分数0%、10%、20%和30%的糯麦面团经冻藏60d后Hm分别下降了12.9%、9.6%、7.7%和7.5%,而R则分别下降了2.8%、2.1%、1.6%和1.7%。在冷冻贮藏过程中,面包品质虽有一定程度的下降,但添加糯麦粉的面包品质下降程度较慢,抗老化效果好,且由感官评定可知,冻藏不同天数后,添加10%糯麦粉的面包最易受人们喜爱。     

不同解冻方式对秘鲁鱿鱼肌肉品质和风味特性的影响

在保证藜麦面包营养的同时,使其口感更佳美味。以硬度、弹性、黏聚性和质构为评价指标,通过感官评分采用单因素试验对面包配方进行优化。结果表明,以藜麦粉和面包粉为基重,最佳工艺配方为藜麦粉添加量12%,干酵母添加量0.5%,发酵时间150 min,发酵湿度90%,发酵温度32℃,黄油添加量0.7%。此时,藜麦面包的硬度为2 427 N,弹性为714 mm,黏聚性366 mJ,藜麦杂粮面包感官评分97分。最佳藜麦面包工艺测得含水量14%,样品发酵后面团的体积扩大到原体积的2倍,蛋白质含量1.6%,还原糖含量1.13%。     

产右旋糖苷酸面团对大麦粉添加面包品质的影响研究

研究大麦粉(5%、10%、15%、20%)对直接发酵、酸面团、右旋糖苷酸面团面包品质的影响,评估了酸面团对大麦面包(51%大麦粉)品质的改善效果。大麦粉使直接发酵面包的比容分别减小了8.0%、16.6%、32.1%、35.6%,硬度增大了138.8%、152.9%、168.7%、176.6%,储藏后老化率在高添加量下(15%、20%)明显提高;酸面团促使体积上升、硬度下降,水分损失率和老化率减小;而右旋糖苷的存在使酸面团面包烘焙当天的含水量升高,水分损失率、老化率降低;与未添加大麦粉的直接发酵面包相比,酸面团大麦面包的体积小、硬度大、感官评分较低,但在延缓老化上具有优势,而右旋糖苷提高了其柔软性、感官品质。因此,右旋糖苷酸面团能够有效改良大麦添加面包、大麦面包品质。     

大麦全粉对面团特性及面包焙烤品质的影响

本文以不同比例的大麦全粉(以下简称大麦粉)替代高筋小麦粉,研究添加10%~60%(m/m)大麦粉对面团特性及面包焙烤品质的影响。结果表明,随着大麦添加量的增加,大麦-小麦混合粉的湿面筋含量降低,从36.43%(对照组)降至11.43%(添加60%大麦粉);面团吸水率增加,形成时间、稳定时间及C2(弱化值)值显著降低,延伸性与最大抗延伸阻力也显著下降;面团微观结构也随之发生变化,添加大麦粉的面团组织变得粗糙,在20%~60%添加范围内,气孔壁出现断裂,且几乎观察不到完整的气孔结构;对于面包品质而言,添加大麦粉的面包比容降低、硬度增加、弹性减小、感官品质下降,同时面包内部气孔所占面积减少、孔洞所占面积增加、面包片亮度变暗。大麦粉添加量为10%~20%时,但其整体感官品质仍可被接受;而添加过多的大麦粉(30%~60%)时,面包的焙烤品质显著降低,面包特有海绵状的纹理结构逐渐消失。     

黑小麦全粉的流变学特性及复配混粉馒头的品质研究

通过对黑小麦全粉、与对照样特精粉复配混粉的面筋数量与质量测定,对黑小麦全粉占10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%、50%复配混粉进行流变学特性指标的测定及制作馒头成品以评价。结果表明:不同复配比例的混粉湿面筋数量表现比例越大含量越高;黑小麦全粉的流变学特性较差;复配混粉也都低于对照样特精粉的流变学指标;黑小麦全粉单独并不适合制作馒头,当复配比例在10%~15%时,馒头评价总分在80以上。     

The influence of oxidizing agents on water extracts of rye flour

The main constituents of rye flour extracts are proteins and pentosans. After cross-linking under the action of oxidizing agents those components are able to bind much more water than in their native (prior to modifications) state. As a consequence rheological properties of extract are changed.It was observed that kinematic viscosity of water extract of rye flour decreases rapidly with time. The reason for this behavior could be high enzymatic activity of flour extract.It was also found that the addition of hydrogen peroxide in the absence of additional peroxidase (which is naturally present in 1:9 or 1:1 water extracts of flour) causes the greatest increase in viscosity, due to the cross-linking of soluble polymers. Moreover after the addition of H₂O₂ to water extracts strong gels were obtained, which were characterized by tan δ = 0.5 (tan δ < 1). Moreover G′ was independent of frequency, which also suggests cross-linking of the pentosans.The addition of ascorbic acid, which is known to act preferably on gluten proteins, to 1:9 or 1:1 flour extracts had only a little effect on viscosity. In this case the values of tan δ = 0.9 were close to 1, which is typical for a weak gel.The application of inactivated rye flour extract, containing mainly proteins and pentosans, proved stronger effect of H₂O₂ in comparison to ascorbic acid on polymer cross-linking, but only after the addition of peroxidase. The gel obtained with H₂O₂ and peroxidase was also characterized by low tan δ = 0.4.The results indicate, that pentosans are the main subject of cross-linking reactions in rye flour water extracts.     

黑小麦粉的流变学特性及在食品中的应用研究

研究了黑小麦粉的流变学特性及在面条和面包中的应用。研究结果表明,黑小麦粉属于中等筋力的面粉,可适量地应用于面条和面包的生产中。     

Effect of the milling process on quality characteristics of rye flour

BACKGROUND: Most of rye flour is obtained by a gradual reduction system using roller flour mills, which generate different flour streams. The study of the different flour streams composition is necessary since it determines the flour quality and the flour uses. Four break streams and nine reduction streams were analysed for moisture, ash, starch, protein, damaged starch, falling number, amylose/amylopectin ratio, β‐glucans and colour. Mixing and pasting properties were also determined with a doughLAB and a Rapid Visco Analyser respectively. RESULTS: As the milling process advanced, moisture and starch content decreased but protein, ash, β‐glucans and damaged starch increased. The differences in composition are probably related to the effect of the roller mills and the increase in the contamination with bran. The absorption, development time, and pasting viscosity increased as the milling proceeded, in detriment of the peak time. The β‐glucan content was positively correlated to absorption, mixing tolerance index and pasting viscosity, and negatively correlated to peak time. CONCLUSION: Differences in composition, above all, in bran, showed different mixing and pasting properties in rye streams. The most different streams corresponded to the last streams in the break process, in the sizings and in the middlings. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

紫甘薯全粉-黑麦粉混粉理化特性及其对酥性饼干品质的影响

本研究以紫马铃薯和黑麦粉为原料,根据不同比例将紫薯粉与黑麦粉混合,对其溶剂保持率(SRC)、粉质特性、糊化特性和吹泡特性等进行研究,并分析了紫薯全粉对黑麦酥性饼干的质构、色差和风味等的影响。结果表明,紫薯粉中纤维素含量是黑麦粉的4.07倍,但蛋白质含量较低;紫薯粉的加入使得混合粉的SRC值上升,而面团的形成时间、稳定时间及糊化黏度降低;紫薯粉比例提高引起混合粉弱化度的降低,改善产品的贮藏特性,但其混合面团的P值、L值和W值均呈现下降趋势。随着紫薯粉的加入,紫薯-黑麦酥性饼干的硬度和咀嚼性下降,色泽呈现紫色并具有明显的紫薯风味。当紫薯粉含量在30%时,制作的酥性饼干的感官品质较好。     

Effect of heat treatment of rye flour on rye‐wheat steamed bread quality

To study the effect of heat treatment on rye flour quality, rye flour was treated by steaming, high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) and extrusion and then the pasting properties of rye flour and rye‐wheat blend, the dough rheological and steamed bread (respectively, fermented by yeast and Chinese traditional starter – Laomian) making properties of rye‐wheat blend were investigated. All three kinds of heat treatment increased the viscosity of rye flour, with the peak viscosity value followed the order 1744 cP (by steaming) >823.5 cP (by HTHP) >669 cP (by extrusion) > 626.5 cP (untreated). Dough and gluten made from mRFh (HTHP‐treated rye flour and wheat flour blend) had higher storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), which contributed to better extensibility and deformation capability. Steamed bread fermented by Laomian (LSB) made by mRFh had larger specific volume (2.26 mL g^?1), lower hardness (3510.93 g) and higher sensory scores (82.63), comparable to the quality of control samples, indicating the feasibility of adding rye flour into wheat flour for healthy product development without compromising the taste and texture.     

Ergot alkaloids in rye flour determined by solid-phase cation-exchange and high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins that are undesirable contaminants of cereal products, particularly rye. A method was developed employing clean-up by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction, separation by high-performance liquid chromatography under alkaline conditions and fluorescence detection. It is capable of separating and quantifying both C8-isomers of ergocornine, α-ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergonovine, and ergotamine. The average recovery was 61% ±?10% with limits of detection from 0.2 to 1.1 µg kg^?1. Twenty-four unknown rye flour samples from Danish mills contained on average 46 µg kg^?1 with a maximum content of 234 µg kg^?1. The most common ergot alkaloids were ergotamine and α-ergocryptine including their C8-isomers. A total of 54% of the ergot alkaloids were detected as C(8)-S isomers.     

Effects of fermentation and rye flour on microstructure and volatile compounds of chestnut flour based sourdoughs

The study is aimed at developing a new cereal-based product, with increased nutritional quality, by using natural fermentation of blends of chestnut and rye flour. In spite of the remarkable similarity, the technological potential of combinations of both flours has never been explored before. Three spontaneous chestnut/rye sourdough fermentations were performed over a period of twelve days with daily back-slopping. Samples taken at all refreshment steps were used for culture-dependent and culture-independent evaluation of the microbiota present. Dominant species basically overlapped to those associated to sourdoughs strengthened with chestnut flour, such as Pediococcus pentosaceus or Weissella paramesenteroides. Microstructures, evaluated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy, revealed the presence in chestnut sourdoughs of a distinguishable network surrounding starch granules, while rye flour-added sourdoughs showed a less structured matrix. By gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, 51 volatile organic compounds were identified at 24 h and after prolonged fermentation. Within volatile organic compounds, alcohols, esters, acids, aldehydes and ketones, all well-known flavour compounds in sourdough fermentation, appeared as dominant. The PCA discriminated the sourdoughs into three distinct clusters and highlighted a clear influence of fermentation time on the volatile composition of sourdoughs.