Unsteady compressible 3-dimensional boundary-layer flow near an asymmetric stagnation point with mass transfer

The heat and mass transfer for unsteady laminar compressible boundary-layer flow, which is asymmetric with respect to a 3-dimensional stagnation point (i.e. for a jet incident at an angle on the body), have been studied. It is assumed that the free-stream velocity, wall temperature, and surface mass transfer vary arbitrarily with time and also that the gas has variable properties. The solution in the neighbourhood of the stagnation point has been obtained by series expansion in the longitudinal distance. The resulting partial differential equations have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The results show that, in contrast with the symmetric flow, the maximum heat transfer does not occur at the stagnation point. The skin-friction and heat-transfer components due to asymmetric flow are only weakly affected by the mass transfer as compared to those components associated with symmetric flow. The variation of the wall temperature with time has a strong effect on the heat transfer component associated with the symmetric part of the flow. The skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by the variation of the density-viscosity product across the boundary layer. The skin friction responds more to the fluctuations of the free stream oscillating velocities than the heat transfer. The results have been compared with the available results and they are found to be in excellent agreement.     

Separating shear flow past a surface-mounted blunt obstacle

The planar flow of incompressible fluid past a blunt obstacle mounted on a flat (horizontal) fixed solid surface of infinite extent is examined in the presence of an incident linear velocity profile, modelling the fluid behaviour close to a small surface roughness for instance. The motion is taken to be steady and laminar. The obstacle is blunt in the sense that its typical surface slopes are not small, a feature which here always induces flow separation both upstream and downstream of the obstacle. Computations and nonlinear theory are applied, together with comparisons. The direct computations of the Navier-Stokes equations, using for example a higher order upwind-difference scheme, deal with a moderate range of Reynolds numbers up to 200, based on the obstacle height and the incident uniform shear. In addition the accuracy is necessarily limited as the Reynolds number increases. The theory is for large Reynolds numbers and is based on viscous-inviscid reasoning, back-pressure effects from the obstacle and slender-layer separation locally, among other influences. The comparisons nevertheless yield encouragingly close agreement, for the present computed cases of a vertical flap or a rectangular block. This is both quantitatively, in terms of the upstream separation and downstream reattachment positions in particular, and generally, in terms of the separating flow structure, even at the notably moderate Reynolds numbers covered accurately by the computations.     

The thermal state of a porous wall under conditions of transpiration cooling

Results of numerical experiment are used for analysis of fields of temperature in a laminar boundary layer, in a porous wall, and in a cooling gas delivery chamber, as well as for analysis of heat transfer and of distribution of the temperature difference between the cooling gas and the porous wall frame and cooling efficiency. It is demonstrated that heat transfer between a porous wall of finite thickness and a high-temperature gas flow differs significantly from heat transfer with preassignment of the same intensity of injection and of the homogeneous thermal boundary condition directly on the surface subjected to flow. One of the reasons for this is the formation of wall temperature variable along the boundary layer.     

Thermal boundary layers over a shrinking sheet: an analytical solution

In this paper, the heat transfer over a shrinking sheet with mass transfer is studied. The flow is induced by a sheet shrinking with a linear velocity distribution from the slot. The fluid flow solution given by previous researchers is an exact solution of the whole Navier–Stokes equations. By ignoring the viscous dissipation terms, exact analytical solutions of the boundary layer energy equation were obtained for two cases including a prescribed power-law wall temperature case and a prescribed power-law wall heat flux case. The solutions were expressed by Kummer’s function. Closed-form solutions were found and presented for some special parameters. The effects of the Prandtl number, the wall mass transfer parameter, the power index on the wall heat flux, the wall temperature, and the temperature distribution in the fluids were investigated. The heat transfer problem for the algebraically decaying flow over a shrinking sheet was also studied and compared with the exponentially decaying flow profiles. It was found that the heat transfer over a shrinking sheet was significantly different from that of a stretching surface. Interesting and complicated heat transfer characteristics were observed for a positive power index value for both power-law wall temperature and power-law wall heat flux cases. Some solutions involving negative temperature values were observed and these solutions may not physically exist in a real word.     

An entry-flow problem for a non-isothermal catalytic-wall reactor

A reacting gas flows into a metal, thin-walled, tube which has a catalytic coating on its inner surface. A strong, temperature-dependent, exothermic reaction occurs giving a local hos spot. It is assumed that the surface temperature is controlled by heat conduction through the metal wall, heat transfer into the gas being negligible. A standard approximate technique is used to derive an integral equation which relates the mass transfer at the wall in the Blasius boundary layer to the wall temperature. A second integral equation is derived from the heat-conduction problem for the metal wall, and the coupled equations are solved numerically. The maximum temperature rise at the wall is found to be significantly higher than that obtained when a fully developed flow passes over a catalytic coating.     

Unsteady-state heat transfer in the region of interaction between a turbulent jet and an obstacle

Unsteady-state heat transfer is considered in the region of interaction between a round turbulent jet and a normally positioned flat obstacle. The Navier-Stokes equations filtered over space are closed by the RNG-model of eddy viscosity which takes into account the curvature of the lines of flow in the region of turning of flow. The calculations are performed for different relative distances from the nozzle exit section to the obstacle and for different values of Reynolds number. The correlation between the distribution of characteristics of heat transfer over the obstacle surface and the eddy structure of the jet is discussed.     

Friction and Heat Transfer in the Boundary Layer on a Permeable Surface with Injection of Foreign Gas

A three-parameter (for energy, friction, and vorticity of turbulence) model is used to perform a numerical investigation of the boundary layer on a permeable surface under conditions of injection of a gas whose density and temperature differ from those of the gas of incident flow. The results obtained for the friction coefficient and Stanton number are compared with the available experimental data for the injection of helium, air, carbon dioxide, and Freon into a flow of heated air. It is demonstrated that the density ratio between the gas being injected and the gas of incident flow affects significantly the dependence of friction and heat transfer on the injection parameter.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent open channel flow with heat transfer at high Prandtl numbers

Summary. Large eddy simulation of a fully developed turbulent open channel flow with heat transfer is performed. The three-dimensional filtered Navier-Stokes and energy equations are numerically solved using a fractional-step method. Dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models for the turbulent SGS stress and heat flux are employed to close the governing equations. The objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of turbulent flow and heat transfer in turbulent open channel flow, in particular for high Prandtl number, and to examine the reliability of the LES technique for predicting turbulent heat transfer near the free surface. The turbulent open channel flow with constant difference of temperature imposed on the free surface and bottom wall is calculated for the Prandtl number (Pr) from 1 up to 100, the Reynolds number (Re) 180 based on the wall friction velocity and the channel depth. To illustrate the turbulent flow and heat transfer behaviors, some typical quantities, including the mean velocity, temperature and their fluctuations, heat transfer coefficients, turbulent heat fluxes, and flow structures of velocity and temperature fluctuations, are exhibited and analyzed.     

Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer During Chilldown of a Simulated Flexible Metal Hose Using Liquid Nitrogen

For many industrial, medical and space technologies, cryogenic fluids play irreplaceable roles. When any cryogenic system is initially started, it must go through a transient chill down period prior to normal operation. Chilldown is the process of introducing the cryogenic liquid into the system, and allowing the system components to cool down to several hundred degrees below the ambient temperature. The chilldown process is an important initial stage before a system begins functioning. The objective of this paper is to investigate the chilldown process associated with a flexible hose that was simulated by a channel with saw-teeth inner wall surface structure in the current study. We have investigated the fundamental physics of the two-phase flow and quenching heat transfer during cryogenic chilldown inside the simulated flexible hose through flow visualization, data measurement and analysis. The flow pattern developed inside the channel was recorded by a high speed camera for flow pattern investigation. The experimental results indicate that the chilldown process that is composed of unsteady vapor-liquid two-phase flow and phase-change heat transfer is modified by the inner wall surface wavy structure. Based on the measurement of the channel wall temperature, the teeth structure and the associated cavities generally reduce the heat transfer efficiency compared to the straight hose. Furthermore, based on the measured data, a complete series of correlations on the heat transfer coefficient for each heat transfer regime was developed and reported.     

Numerical investigation of supercritical LNG convective heat transfer in a horizontal serpentine tube

The submerged combustion vaporizer (SCV) is indispensable general equipment for liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminals. In this paper, numerical simulation was conducted to get insight into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical LNG on the tube-side of SCV. The SST model with enhanced wall treatment method was utilized to handle the coupled wall-to-LNG heat transfer. The thermal–physical properties of LNG under supercritical pressure were used for this study. After the validation of model and method, the effects of mass flux, outer wall temperature and inlet pressure on the heat transfer behaviors were discussed in detail. Then the non-uniformity heat transfer mechanism of supercritical LNG and effect of natural convection due to buoyancy change in the tube was discussed based on the numerical results. Moreover, different flow and heat transfer characteristics inside the bend tube sections were also analyzed. The obtained numerical results showed that the local surface heat transfer coefficient attained its peak value when the bulk LNG temperature approached the so-called pseudo-critical temperature. Higher mass flux could eliminate the heat transfer deteriorations due to the increase of turbulent diffusion. An increase of outer wall temperature had a significant influence on diminishing heat transfer ability of LNG. The maximum surface heat transfer coefficient strongly depended on inlet pressure. Bend tube sections could enhance the heat transfer due to secondary flow phenomenon. Furthermore, based on the current simulation results, a new dimensionless, semi-theoretical empirical correlation was developed for supercritical LNG convective heat transfer in a horizontal serpentine tube. The paper provided the mechanism of heat transfer for the design of high-efficiency SCV.     

Numerical Investigation of Bubble Induced Marangoni Convection: Some Aspects of Bubble Geometry

Thermocapillary or Marangoni convection is a surface tension driven flow that occurs when a gas–liquid or vapor–liquid interface is subjected to a temperature gradient. In the past, the contribution to local heat transfer arising from Marangoni convection has been overlooked as insignificant since under earth gravity it is overshadowed by buoyant convection. This study numerically investigates some aspects of bubble size and shape on local wall heat transfer resulting from Marangoni convection about individual bubbles on a heated wall immersed in a liquid silicone oil layer (Pr = 110) of depth 5 mm. It was found that increasing bubble volume causes an increase in the area over which Marangoni convection has affect. Heat transfer therefore increases with bubble size. Over the effective area, the surface averaged hot wall heat transfer is not affected greatly by bubble shape. The surface averaged heat transfer over the effective area on both the hot and cold walls is affected dramatically by bubble size, but the increase is more profound on the cold wall.     

Temperature stratification under suction of the boundary layer from a supersonic flow

A carried out numerical simulation showed that a considerable difference can be achieved between the temperatures of a gas in the boundary layer and a suctioned gas under the gas suction from a turbulent boundary layer in a supersonic flow on a permeable surface. The effect of the Prandtl and Mach numbers of the incident flux on the temperature stratification, which depends on the gas suction intensity, is studied. The stratification is the most pronounced for low-Prandtl-number gases. It was established that, due to laminarization of the boundary layer under an intense gas suction, in the region of the impermeable plate following the permeable wall, the wall temperature drops abruptly.     

Modelling aerodynamic sound in the airways of a human body: A possible diagnostic tool

The sound generated aerodynamically by a pillow-like body simulating an obstacle in the human airway is observed through a soft wall from outside the duct. It is intended to provide a physical basis for an attempted medical diagnostic technique for detecting an obstacle by observing the sound during breathing. So far at least two kinds of sound have been identified: One is sound of the half-jet flow formed downstream of the obstacle, and the other is sound due to unsteady motion of the separation point on the curved surface of the obstacle. For simulating the flow condition downstream of the vocal cords during inhalation, cases with an obstacle at various positions relative to a jet flow are also examined. In this case, the sound due to the downstream obstacle exhibits a complicated dependence on the geometry and flow parameters. Nevertheless, increase in the sound, or more correctly, deformation in the sound power spectrum, due to the presence of an obstacle is detectable from outside, opening up possibilities of its use as a diagnostic aid. Dedicated to the late Professor Itiro Tani on the occasion of 5ACFM, Taejon, Korea     

Experimental study of flow structure and heat transfer under a jet flow past a spherical-cavity obstacle

The results of an experimental study of the aerodynamic characteristics and heat transfer under a jet flow past a spherical-cavity obstacle are presented. It has been revealed that in a spherical cavity the flow becomes nonstationary and is characterized by low-frequency oscillations of local values of the heat flow density. The heat transfer intensity in a hollow is lower than on a flat obstacle, and in the region of depression this decrease is practically completely compensated by an increase in the heat-transfer surface area. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 29–37, July–August, 2006.     

Maximum Temperature of a Fire Sheet (Screen) with Tubes Welded on the Outside

A formula for calculating the temperature distribution over the width of a fire sheet with water-cooled tubes welded on the outside with boundary conditions of the second and third kinds has been obtained. The heat flux from incandescent combustion products is incident on the interior surface of the sheet. A strong influence on the overheating of the sheet at the center of the gap between the tubes is exerted by the step between by tubes, the heat flux incident on the sheet, the thickness and width of the weld, and the thermal conductivity of the metal. The thermal resistance of the heat transfer from the tube wall to boiling water is low; therefore, it is of little importance.     

Three-dimensional flow with heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching surface with a magnetic field

The present research study deals with the steady flow and heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching surface in two lateral directions with a magnetic field applied normal to the surface. The fluid far away from the surface is ambient and the motion in the flow field is caused by stretching surface in two directions. This result is a three-dimensional flow instead of two-dimensional as considered by many authors. Self-similar solutions are obtained numerically. For some particular cases, closed form analytical solutions are also obtained. The numerical calculations show that the skin friction coefficients in x- and y-directions and the heat transfer coefficient decrease with the increasing elastic parameter, but they increase with the stretching parameter. The heat transfer coefficient for the constant heat flux case is higher than that of the constant wall temperature case.     

Unsteady attachment line flow on a flat plate with attached cylinder

The unsteady laminar incompressible boundary-layer attachment-line flow on a flat plate with attached cylinder with heat and mass transfer has been studied when the free stream velocity, mass transfer and surface wall temperature vary arbitrarily with time. The governing partial differential equations with three independent variables have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The heat transfer was found to be strongly dependent on the Prandtl number, variation of wall temperature with time and dissipation parameter (for large times). However, the free stream velocity distribution and mass transfer affect both the heat transfer and skin friction.     

扭曲椭圆管层流换热的数值研究

计算了层流状态下扭曲椭圆管内的流动与换热情况。在保持其它参数不变的情况下,管内的Nu随着Pr和Re的增大而增大,随着扭曲比BS和椭圆的短轴与长轴之比AB的增大而减小。并且在Re<500, Pr<200的范围内,强化换热效果非常明显。并且,Pr越大,h也就越大,表明扭曲椭圆管特别适用于大Pr和层流状态下的换热强化。从温度场和流场耦合的角度来看,层流状态下换热得以强化的原因在于扭曲管内的流体发生旋转,产生的二次流使得流体存在指向壁面的分速度,提高了壁面的温度梯度,增强了截面上的速度和温度分布的均匀性。     

Buoyancy effects on the laminar boundary layer heat transfer along vertically moving cylinders

Abstract

The effects of buoyancy forces on the laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer along vertically moving cylinders are analyzed for the cases of prescribed surface temperature and prescribed wall heat flux in power of streamwise distance. Local similarity solutions are obtained to show the effects of buoyancy parameters and the transverse curvature of the cylinder on the surface friction and heat transfer rate.     

The Effect of Three-Dimensional Deformations on Local Heat Transfer to a Nonuniformly Heated Falling Film of Liquid

An experimental investigation is performed of heat transfer under conditions of flow of a water film on a vertical surface with a heater 150×150 mm in size in the range of the Reynolds number values from 1 to 45. A map of modes of flow of the liquid film is plotted, and regions of heat transfer are identified. Data are obtained on the longitudinal coordinate dependence of the heater wall temperature and of the local heat flux on the symmetry axis of the heater. Local coefficients of heat transfer are measured. The experimental data are compared with the results of numerical calculations for a smooth film. The effect of the forming of jet flows on heat transfer to the liquid film is analyzed.