一种分解迭代二阶锥规划鲁棒自适应波束形成算法

为有效克服导向矢量大失配误差对自适应波束形成器的影响,该文提出了一种最差性能最优的分解迭代鲁棒自适应波束形成算法。该算法对非凸的幅度响应约束问题进行分解处理,将问题转化为迭代的二阶锥规划问题,从而可对鲁棒响应区的波束宽度和纹波水平进行自由控制,并可得到较高的输出信干噪比。此外,与现有大部分该类鲁棒波束形成方法相比,提出的算法直接对权矢量进行优化,无需使用谱分解算法,避免了阵列结构的限制,可适用于任意阵形。仿真结果验证了算法的正确性和有效性。     

接收多径相干信号的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法

为有效接收多径相干信号,该文提出一种基于波束主瓣幅度约束的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法。该算法充分利用多径相干信号的来波信息,对接收数据协方差矩阵统计量进行优化,并对多径相干信号波束主瓣进行幅度约束,通过一阶泰勒展开将多径相干信号的优化问题转换为迭代二阶锥规划问题,获得最佳波束形成权矢量。该算法不仅能够有效接收多径相干信号,抑制干扰和噪声,而且能够克服较大导向矢量失配误差,自由控制鲁棒响应区的波束宽度和纹波水平。仿真实验验证了算法的正确性和有效性。      

最坏情况下的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法性能分析

研究了最坏情况下的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法,它通过对角加载提高波束对方向矢量误差的鲁棒性.给出了其最优对角加载因子的近似解析达式,揭示了各种因素如何影响最优加载因子.在此基础上,对该算法进行了性能分析,推导出了关于目标功率估计和信号干扰噪声比的近似表达式.计算机仿真验证了本文的分析.     

基于导向矢量估计的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法

针对在导向矢量存在误差情况下自适应波束形成算法性能严重下降的问题,提出一种基于导向矢量估计的鲁棒自适应波束形成(Steering Vector Estimation Based Robust Adaptive Beamforming,SVE-RAB)算法.算法用导向矢量不确定范围估计真实导向矢量,利用范数约束通过二阶锥规划技术提高波束形成的鲁棒性.算法可在导向矢量存在误差的情况下,对期望信号保持最大增益并有效抑制干扰,且有效提高了波束形成输出的信干噪比(Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio,SINR).仿真结果验证了算法的有效性和优越性.     

四元数域宽带鲁棒自适应波束形成

该文提出一种基于四元数的宽带鲁棒自适应波束形成方法。在利用四元数构造阵元输出的基础上,通过期望信号复包络对齐技术,建立四元数域宽带对合增广宽线性信号模型,以联合利用四元数阵列输出矢量的3种对合信息和2阶统计特性以及信号非圆信息,采用信号加干扰子空间投影方式,有效提取期望信号,抑制多个不相关干扰和噪声,进而实现四元数域宽带鲁棒自适应波束形成。同其它宽带波束形成方法相比,该方法对非圆信号的接收性能提升,可以实现阵列虚拟孔径扩展,有效克服指向误差带来的性能下降问题。计算机仿真结果验证了该方法的性能。      

基于二次型约束的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法

针对期望信号方向向量存在偏差会导致自适应波束形成算法的性能急剧下降这一问题,该文提出了一种基于二次型约束的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法。通过对期望信号波达方向附近范围内的方向向量的误差模值进行约束,来提高算法的鲁棒性,并在此约束条件下对权重向量进行优化求解,且优化解中的参数能够准确求出。该算法可有效地控制波束主瓣区域内信号的畸变,并能够抑制方向向量偏差所带来的影响,提高了系统的鲁棒性,同时使干扰和噪声的功率输出最小,保证了对干扰信号的抑制能力,改善了阵列输出的信干噪比,使其更接近最优值。仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性与优越性。     

基于斜投影的波束形成算法

采样协方差矩阵求逆（SMI）的波束形成方法在少快拍数、高信噪比和相干信源情况下波束形成性能下降。对角线加载技术能改善方向图畸变,但是加载量的确定一直是一个比较困难的问题。该文提出基于斜投影的波束形成算法,它对接收信号斜投影,可有效消除干扰,进而提高波束形成的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明：该算法在高、中、低信噪比下都具有较好的波束形成性能：且在少快拍数和相干信源情况下仍具有较好的波束形成性能。该算法只需要期望信号的方向矢量和接收信号,是～种性能优越且鲁棒的波束形成算法。     

基于斜投影的波束形成算法

采样协方差矩阵求逆(SMI)的波束形成方法在少快拍数、高信噪比和相干信源情况下波束形成性能下降。对角线加载技术能改善方向图畸变,但是加载量的确定一直是一个比较困难的问题。该文提出基于斜投影的波束形成算法,它对接收信号斜投影,可有效消除干扰,进而提高波束形成的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明:该算法在高、中、低信噪比下都具有较好的波束形成性能;且在少快拍数和相干信源情况下仍具有较好的波束形成性能。该算法只需要期望信号的方向矢量和接收信号,是一种性能优越且鲁棒的波束形成算法。     

约束同时扰动随机逼近的鲁棒自适应波束形成

为有效克服导向矢量失配误差对自适应波束形成器的影响,提出了一种基于约束同时扰动随机逼近算法的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法。该算法对波束形成器的幅度响应进行约束,运用约束同时扰动随机逼近算法对权矢量进行优化,算法只需要对阵列输出功率进行测量,无需知道接收数据协方差矩阵,可适用于低成本的单通道接收系统。此外,该算法能很好地处理非凸的优化问题,无需将其转化为凸优化问题,能够自由控制鲁棒响应区的波束宽度和纹波水平,理论上可适用于任意阵型。仿真结果验证了算法的正确性和有效性。     

一种基于协方差矩阵重构的波束形成算法

针对Capon波束形成在误差条件下敏感性问题,提出一种基于协方差矩阵重构的鲁棒波束形成算法。算法将信号集中出现的空域划分为干扰区域和信号区域,接着将两个区域划分为若干相互独立不重叠的部分,对干扰区域积分,构造出干扰协方差矩阵;再利用采样协方差矩阵特征分解后的最小特征值重构出噪声协方差矩阵;最后对期望信号导向矢量误差进行环不确定集建模,并在期望信号导向矢量环不确定集上进行Capon谱积分来估计期望信号协方差矩阵,根据其主特征矢量获取期望信号导向矢量。仿真表明,与传统鲁棒波束形成算法相比,此方法在不同快拍数以及输入信噪比条件下,性能更加优异且稳定,同时计算量较小。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.