服务机器人新型双目视觉系统及结构参数标定的研究

构建了一种新型的满足服务机器人视觉任务需要的双目视觉系统,该系统是由一个云台(Pan/Tilt/Zoom,PTZ)摄像机和一个手眼系统组成的变基线双目配置,具有更大的视觉空间和灵活性。对该双目配置下实现目标定位的关键参数——双目结构参数的实时自标定方法进行了研究,提出了将大部分繁琐的坐标变换关系转移到离线环节标定的离线/在线二步标定算法。仿真实验表明,此方法可有效降低在线处理时对图像匹配点的数目要求,同时该双目系统对图像噪声和机械运动误差具有一定鲁棒性。     

基于视觉辅助定位的机械臂运动学参数辨识研究

标定机器臂的运动学参数可以有效提高机械臂的绝对定位精度。针对一般平面约束标定方法往往通过手动示教获取测量数据,效率低,提出一种基于视觉辅助定位约束平面的机械臂运动学参数辨识方法。为了弥补双目视觉视场范围狭小的弊端,在约束平面上粘贴3个靶点,以此将对平面的定位等效成对靶点的定位。应用双目视觉系统提取靶点中心并进行立体匹配,得到靶点在机械臂基坐标系下的三维位置信息;同时构建靶点坐标系,以此规划出按一定规律分布的约束点;为了进一步提高标定精度,建立双平面约束误差模型,通过两垂直平面上任意非共线的3个点得到一系列法向量,每一对法向量的数量积为0,即增加了约束方程;利用机械臂对相互垂直的两约束平面自动进行接触式测量,通过改进的最小二乘法辨识出真实的运动学参数误差。实验结果表明,基于双平面约束误差模型,修正运动学参数后,机械臂绝对位置精度由1.234 mm提高到了0.453 mm。该方法实现了数据的自动化测量,大大提高了标定效率,为机械臂批量标定提供了参考,具有工程意义。     

双目视觉摄像机神经网络标定方法

摄像机标定是精密视觉测量的基础。为了描述双目视觉中三维空间物点坐标和两个摄像机像面像点坐标间的非线性关系,传统的标定方法需要建立复杂的数学模型。而神经网络可以有效地处理非线性映射问题,笔者介绍了一种BP(ErrorBackPropagation)神经网络,并且为了提高网络的学习能力引入了动态因子。用相同的参考数据,将神经网络标定方法与线性标定方法比较,实验结果表明基于神经网络的双目视觉标定方法能获得较高的标定精度。     

双摄像机靶标成像视觉坐标测量方法研究

提出了一种利用手持式靶标实现双目视觉三维坐标测量的新方法,以靶标作为成像目标,利用靶标与被测面接触,通过分析靶标上已知特征点的成像变化,实现与靶标接触点的三维坐标测量,这一测量新方法,可以实现视觉系统外部参数测量中的自标定,并能实现遮挡点的测量,研究中利用空间透视变换建立了这一方法的非线性测量模型,介绍了基于Newton非线性迭代的测量方程的求解方法,以矩阵分析理论为基础,讨论了影响测量方程求解的因素,并提出了方法中重要部件手握式靶标上特征点分布的基本约束条件,通过数值计算分析了图像处理误差、有效焦距和基线标定误差对测量方法的影响,实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性和应用的可行性。     

一种用于外科手术导航的双目视觉简化系统

针对外科手术导航光学定位仪参数标定过程繁琐和对应点匹配歧异性大的问题,进行了双目立体视觉简化系统的研究.运用坐标变换方法一次性标定系统24个参数;选用黑白棋盘格标记物和运用相似性度量原理,简化立体匹配过程、提高立体匹配准确度.利用标定后的系统对标记物之间的距离进行测量,在距双目视觉传感单元1.5 m范围内误差小于1 mm.交叉韧带重建手术导舷模拟实验表明:该系统具有稳定,可靠,标定方法简单,匹配准确,定位精度高的特点,能够满足外科手术导航的要求.     

月球车双目视觉避障像机标定

针对等距投影鱼眼成像模型,本文提出通过标定场方法对月球车避障像机进行自标定光束法平差,对月球车双目视觉避障像机的内参数、相对外参数进行标定。采用标定得到的参数,对摄影测量标志进行三维坐标恢复,得到标志在避障像机坐标系下的三维坐标。将该三维坐标与已知的三维坐标进行比较,利用比较的偏差结果评定避障像机的标定精度。实验结果表明,该方法完全满足避障像机标定精度要求。     

基于RBF神经网络的双目摄像机标定研究

摄像机标定是精密测量的基础,传统的双目标定需要建立复杂的数学模型。人工神经网络可以有效地处理非线性映射问题,它可以很好地描述双目视觉中三维空间特征点坐标和二个摄像机对应点间的非线性关系。本文介绍一种RBF神经网络,并对RBF网络与BP网络的标定结果进行比较。实验结果表明：基于RBF神经网络的双目视觉标定方法能获得较高的标定精度。     

视觉测量传感器系统结构参数设计分析

依据三角法建立了基于线结构光和对称式双目立体视觉的两种典型视觉传感器坐标测量系统数学模型.通过对坐标测量模型及传感器各结构参数之间的相互关系分析,研究了线结构光视觉传感器和双目立体视觉传感器坐标测量系统结构参数及其误差对系统综合测量精度的影响关系特性.在对各结构设计参数综合分析的基础上,提出了视觉传感器坐标测量系统结构参数优化准则,并给出了线结构光视觉传感器及双目立体视觉传感器坐标测量系统结构参数的一般性设计原则与方法.     

基于LS-SVM的立体视觉摄像机标定

利用最小二乘支持向量机来直接学习图像信息与三维信息之间的关系,不需确定摄像机具体的内部参数和外部参数.在双目视觉的情况下,两摄像机的位置关系不需具体求出,而是隐含在映射关系中.根据最小二乘支持向量机与摄像机标定的特点,提出了基于最小二乘支持向量机的双目立体摄像机标定方法.将摄像头采集到的图像的像素坐标作为输入,将世界坐标作为输出,用最小二乘支持向量机使网络实现给定的输入输出映射关系.该方法同BP神经网络预测结果对比表明:基于最小二乘支持向量机的双目视觉标定方法速度快,实时性好,能有效提高标定精度.     

图像测速法的摄像机标定技术

针对漂浮在空气中或者液体中的粒子的速度测量,提出了一种基于双目视觉的测量方法。采用两个光轴相互垂直的CCD摄像机,分布在测量腔体的左右两侧。结合系统的几何结构特点,两个CCD摄像机分别标定,将标定模型方程转化为多项式形式,利用最小二乘原则获取平面模型标定参数,然后再利用公垂线距离最短原则实现三维坐标测量。实验给出了三维坐标的偏差分布图,证明这是一种实用有效快速的标定方法。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...