具有两个双轴柔性铰链的快速反射镜设计

为了改善快速反射镜(FSM)对车载运动平台振动、冲击环境的适应性,设计了一款具有中心和四周两个双轴柔性铰链支撑结构的FSM。在明确车载跟瞄发射系统应用需求的基础上,分别对FSM的平面反射镜、驱动元件、测角元件和柔性铰链进行了详细设计和选择。采用两两差分的方法对四通道电涡流传感器的测量噪声进行抑制,有效保证了FSM的测量精度。采用有限元分析的方法对中心和四周柔性铰链的模态和刚度进行分析与优化设计,有利保证了FSM控制带宽的提高。完成FSM的精密加工、装调后,对系统的指向精度、控制带宽和阶跃响应时间进行了实验测试分析。结果表明,所设计FSM的指向精度优于1″,闭环控制带宽大于200 Hz,阶跃响应时间约为10 ms,满足车载平台系统的应用需求。     

机载刚性支撑式快速控制反射镜设计

设计了一款紧凑型刚性支撑式快速控制反射镜(FSM),以适应机载运动平台的高振动、大冲击和高低温等恶劣工作环境。考虑机载FSM的工作需求,分别对FSM的支撑轴系、驱动元件和测角元件等进行设计与选择。针对刚性支撑轴系设计了轴系间隙调整机构,提高了FSM系统的轴系精度,进一步增大了FSM的承载能力;针对机载FSM研制了专用小尺寸微位移测量传感器,通过将4个传感器非轴线对称布置,并利用二次差分的方式实现反射镜位置的实时监测,进一步减小了FSM系统的体积,提高了它的测量精度。最后,对机载FSM的控制带宽和指向精度进行了实验检测。结果显示:所设计的FSM系统控制带宽约为110Hz,方位指向误差不超过3.4″,俯仰指向误差不超过3.8″,表明所设计的FSM控制系统稳定、响应速度快、指向精度高,满足机载运动平台的应用要求。     

采用三点定位原理的反射镜支撑结构设计

在选择空间反射镜的支撑形式时,大口径反射镜一般采用柔性支撑结构加背板的支撑结构;小尺寸反射镜采用周边支撑的结构,但支撑结构质量都较大。为了降低反射镜支撑结构质量,通过对三点定位原理的自由度分析,设计了3个柔性铰链结构,通过柔性铰链的结构参数分析及有限元分析计算,设计出参数为R=1mm,t=2.5mm的三点柔性铰链,实现400mm口径反射镜的周边支撑,并使支撑反射镜的三个铰链直接与相机机身连接,省略了常规反射镜支撑的背板及边框,大大降低支撑结构质量;且该支撑结构具有较好的动态刚度和力、热环境适应能力。     

高精度动载体激光发射系统光束控制反射镜

设计了一种适于车载等运动环境下的快速控制反射镜, 用于在具有振动和冲击的工作环境下控制激光发射系统的激光光束稳定及其精确校准。根据某光学系统的性能指标要求,阐述了用于高能激光的平面反射镜的物理性能以及控制反射镜负载应有的机械特性。采用大行程的音圈电机作为控制反射镜的驱动器,并设计了精度高、抗干扰能力强的角位移测量装置作为控制反射镜的位置传感器。对所采用的4个音圈电机和4个角位移测量装置进行了合理布局,既降低了系统的转动惯量又提高了系统的可靠性和环境适应性。实验结果表明：该快速控制反射镜的定位精度优于1.4″,满足高能激光发射系统对控制反射镜的精度要求。     

压电驱动双面快速指向镜的设计

考虑相干激光雷达对光束波前的要求,设计了压电驱动双面快速指向镜系统以实现相干激光遥感探测的高精度大范围指向定位。研究了系统的机械结构和电子学控制方法。结合指向角度、通光口径及信号带宽的实际工程应用需求,选择了合理的致动器和位移放大机构。针对压电陶瓷固有的迟滞和蠕变等非线性效应,设计了以应变片作为位移传感器的模拟比例-积分-微分(Proportion Intergration Differentiation,PID)闭环反馈控制方法。在仿真分析指向镜固有模态频率的基础上,确定了周边支撑的反射镜支撑方式。实验结果表明,该指向系统能够达到指向范围为27 mrad×27mrad、绝对定位精度优于27μrad、偏转速率为2.7rad/s的指标,基本满足激光遥感探测对探测范围、探测精度、探测速率等指向定位的要求。     

快速反射镜两轴柔性支承设计

提出了基于集中柔度的柔性铰链单元的柔性支承结构,研究了这种柔性支承静动态特性的设计过程和设计方法。首先,从快速反射镜的工作机理出发,分析了系统对柔性支承的特性要求;然后,结合现有两种柔性支承结构的特点,提出基于集中柔度的柔性铰链单元的柔性支承设计;在分析单个柔性铰链刚度特性的基础上,研究了两轴柔性支承的设计方法;最后,以通光口径为Φ90 mm、行程为±2 mrad、工作带宽为300 Hz的两轴快速反射镜为例,进行了两轴柔性支承的设计和特性计算。基于dSPACE半实物仿真系统建立了两轴柔性支承特性实验,对柔性支承的转动刚度进行测试,并对由设计的柔性支承组成的快速反射镜系统的控制性能进行分析。实验结果显示:设计的快速反射镜系统的一阶机械响应频率为78 Hz,闭环控制带宽为340 Hz,满足设计要求,表明基于集中柔度的柔性铰链单元的柔性支承可以满足行程若干mrad,工作带宽数百Hz的两轴快速反射镜的应用需求,且具有加工工艺性好,转动中心稳定等优点。     

反射镜式光电系统光路内嵌复合轴稳定平台

为满足高机动装甲车辆对光电瞄准系统视轴高稳定精度的要求,设计了光路中嵌入快速反射镜的反射镜式光电系统复合轴稳定平台。首先,利用施奈尔反射镜定律的矢量方程,构建系统视轴矢量方程,研究其运动特性、稳定补偿原理;然后,分析了控制方法、控制系统频率特性,分析结果显示,传统稳定平台控制系统的截止频率26Hz,而复合控制系统的截止频率为215Hz,控制系统带宽提升了8倍以上;最后,构建了复合轴稳定平台实验装置、测试装置,介绍了实验方法、稳定精度测试原理,开展了复合轴平台与传统平台的稳定精度比较实验。实验结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,复合轴平台较传统平台的稳定精度提高了5倍以上,反射镜式光电系统光路内嵌复合轴稳定平台能够实现光电瞄准镜的高精度稳定。     

提高中心球铰式快速反射镜指向精度的机构设计

为了提高快速反射镜的承载能力及其对振动、冲击等恶劣工作环境的适应性,一种中心采用球形铰链进行刚性连接、音圈电机驱动的快反系统应运而生.但该型快速反射镜运动部分绕中心轴回转的自由度无约束,直接限制了系统指向精度和动态稳定性的提高.为了克服此技术缺陷,设计了一种柔性防转机构.在明确中心球铰式快反系统结构特点和误差来源的基础上,对柔性防转机构中弹片的结构形式及尺寸进行了设计,对柔性弹片各方向的刚度进行了有限元分析、对比,最后,针对是否装有柔性防转机构的快反系统的指向精度进行了对比测试.结果表明:该柔性防转机构结构简单、易于实现,并能有效改善快反系统的指向精度(约提高3倍).在确保中心球铰式快反大的承载能力的前提下,使其具备了传统柔性无轴式快反的优点.     

快速反射镜驱动形式对伺服带宽的影响

为了提高大行程快速反射镜系统的伺服带宽,提出一种直线驱动形式的快速反射镜。该快速反射镜以音圈电机作为驱动器,利用滚珠花键约束驱动器工作方向,将传统的弧线驱动转变为直线驱动。首先,对直线驱动快速反射镜进行了结构设计,重点分析了直线驱动单元的组成形式与特点;接着,从约束条件分析驱动形式对系统伺服带宽的影响因素,并推导两种驱动形式下,快速反射镜在大行程运动时的动力学方程;最后,利用有限元分析得出快速反射镜的机械谐振频率,并通过实验测试对两种驱动形式下快速反射镜的伺服带宽进行了验证。结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,相较于传统弧线驱动形式,直线驱动形式快速反射镜的机械谐振频率由121.8Hz提高至229.9Hz,伺服带宽由40.3Hz提高至75.1Hz,分别提高了88.8%、86.4%,满足快速反射镜在大行程工作状态下的高带宽设计要求。     

大口径主镜的侧向定位系统

针对采用Whiffletree式底支撑和推拉平衡重式侧支撑的大口径主镜在主镜室中的准确定位,基于运动学约束原理提出了一种大口径主镜侧向定位方法。介绍了运动学约束的基本原理,提出了一套主镜侧向定位系统实现方案,包括定位点位置的选取、柔性铰链和定位基座的设计,并设计了一种侧向定位系统。利用有限元方法,分析了设计的侧向定位系统对大口径主镜系统的位置、谐振频率和镜面面形精度等方面的影响。结果表明,使用该侧向定位系统的整个主镜系统谐振频率达到13.6Hz,光轴水平时主镜沿Y轴方向的平均位移为-355.863nm,镜面面形未受影响,所有指标均满足设计要求。实验结果验证了提出的主镜侧向定位系统设计方案对大口径望远镜主镜的支撑和定位系统设计具有工程指导意义。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.