余弦权重逆稀疏框架视频目标跟踪算法

针对目标跟踪的遮挡与局部形变,提出局部余弦相似度训练权重的逆稀疏视觉目标跟踪策略。借鉴参数空间的粒子滤波的核心思想,以逆稀疏表示为理论框架,用候选目标重构模板获得候选目标的稀疏表示系数,依据表示系数分布特征筛选出最佳候选目标。为克服遮挡影响,引入新的目标函数构建模板的局部块判别能力：计算正负样本与模板之间的局部余弦相似度差值,利用二次优化,更新具有判别能力的权重。依据权重信息综合进行有选择的模板更新,避免模板更新的无效性。多组实验结果表明,该算法在部分遮挡等复杂环境下,仍然可以准确地跟踪目标,相比已有算法具有自己的优势。     

基于局部直方图的多区域目标跟踪算法

为克服光照变化和目标遮挡对运动目标跟踪的影响,提出了一种基于改进的局部敏感直方图的多区域目标跟踪算法。改进了局部敏感直方图并设计了快速算法;将改进的局部敏感直方图作为多区域跟踪算法中的目标建模方式,提高目标建模的准确性且降低提取目标特征的计算复杂度;针对多区域跟踪算法中融合各个区域块的特征相似值的需要,采用基于统计排序和最小二乘估计的参数估计方法计算整个目标块与模板的相似度。实验结果表明该算法能有效应对目标跟踪过程中光照变化、目标形变与遮挡的干扰,实现实时鲁棒的目标跟踪。     

基于贝叶斯模型与最佳伙伴相似度量的目标跟踪

提出了一种基于产生式与判别式联合模型的视觉目标跟踪算法。首先介绍了一种基于全局颜色特征直方图特征的贝叶斯分类器,检测出若干最有可能属于目标的候选区域,然后利用最佳伙伴相似性度量（Best-Buddies Similarity）得到候选区域与目标模板的相似度,结合概率值与相似度值估计出最优的目标状态。通过划分目标-背景区域模型、目标-干扰区域模型,对可能产生干扰的区域提前进行抑制,降低了长期跟踪可能产生的漂移问题的风险,同时引入了自适应尺度估计机制和在线模型更新策略,以获得更为精准的跟踪结果。在37组具有挑战性的图像序列上与7种优秀的算法对比实验表明,所提出的算法能够有效应对光照变化、遮挡、旋转与尺度变化等多种问题。     

利用增广拉格朗日乘子的鲁棒跟踪算子

针对视频目标鲁棒跟踪问题,提出了一种基于稀疏表示的生成式算法。首先提取特征构建目标和背景模板,并利用随机抽样获得足够多的候选目标状态;然后利用多任务反向稀疏表示算法得到稀疏系数矢量构造相似度测量图,这里引入了增广拉格朗日乘子(ALM)算法解决L₁-min难题;最后从相似度图中使用加性池运算提取判别信息选择与目标模板相似度最高并与背景模板相似度最小的候选目标状态作为跟踪结果,该算法是在贝叶斯滤波框架下实现的。为了适应跟踪过程中目标外观由于光照变化、遮挡、复杂背景以及运动模糊等场景引起的变化,制定了简单却有效的更新机制,对目标和背景模板进行更新。对仿真结果的定性和定量评估均表明与其他跟踪算法相比,所提算法的跟踪准确性和稳定性有了一定的提高,能有效地解决光照和尺度变化、遮挡、复杂背景等场景的跟踪难题。     

图像失真条件下的模板匹配算法研究

传统模板匹配算法在图像出现局部遮挡、形变等失真情况时适用性不高,为提高图像失真时的匹配性能,本文提出一种基于等距有效点的局部模板匹配算法。首先,利用局部图像网格处理方法得到候选局部特征向量;然后,根据对应坐标位置的局部相似度提出一种等距有效点的判定方法;最后,通过归一化等距有效点数量及其相似度得到综合相似度。利用局部相似度对失真部分进行筛除,从而使得参与综合相似度计算部分的特征值更准确,进一步增大了综合相似度的真实性和可靠性。本文算法在原始图像集和干扰图像集中的匹配率均为100.0%;在遮挡图像集和形变图像集中则分别为94.1%和83.3%。实验结果表明该算法在图像失真条件下具备较强的抗干扰性,且对噪声和光照变化也具备鲁棒性。     

融合颜色与纹理特征的粒子滤波目标跟踪

针对采用单一颜色特征的粒子滤波目标跟踪算法在背景相似、光照变化复杂的场景下会导致跟踪失败的问题,提出一种基于LBP纹理和颜色特征融合的粒子滤波跟踪目标算法。综合加权颜色直方图和LBP纹理直方图进行目标特征描述,建立目标观测模型;同时粒子滤波进行状态预测,利用Bhattacharyya系数进行相似度测量,作为目标区域参考模型更新准则,实现权值更新;最后对权值归一化处理,得到目标位置状态的最终估计。实验结果表明该算法不仅提高了跟踪方法的鲁棒性,而且在目标遮挡、光照变化等干扰下,具有较好的准确性。     

基于卡尔曼滤波与感知哈希技术的模板匹配跟踪算法

为解决传统模板匹配跟踪算法计算复杂度高且在目标形变、光照变化、遮挡等情况下容易发生跟踪漂移的问题,本文提出一种融合卡尔曼滤波、图像感知哈希与模板匹配的跟踪算法。本算法采用感知哈希技术提取目标的哈希值作为模板进行匹配,采用卡尔曼滤波预测下一帧中候选目标的搜索区域,然后,结合模板的哈希序值和目标位置变化信息设计新的匹配准则进行模板匹配,最后根据匹配结果,采用自适应模板更新策略和跟踪策略对目标进行跟踪。试验结果表明,本算法在目标形变、光照变化以及遮挡情况下具有一定的鲁棒性,且能满足实时跟踪的要求。     

基于模板匹配及区域信息融合提取的快速目标跟踪算法

提出了一种基于融合的快速目标跟踪算法。该方法将目标预测模型、目标模板匹配以及目标空间信息融合到统一框架内。该方法通过预测模型,预测下一帧中目标候选区域,从而降低模板匹配方法的搜索区域。然后在预测模型预测的搜索范围内进行目标的模板匹配,同时,提取目标的区域信息来辅助目标的模板跟踪方法。最终跟踪结果由目标模板跟踪以及目标的空间信息共同决定。本方法由于采用了目标的预测模型,从而能够减少目标的搜索范围,降低因目标的全图搜索造成的时间开销。并且由于减少了搜索区域,剔除了部分相似的匹配窗口,从而提高了跟踪时匹配的精度。本算法结合了目标模板跟踪和目标区域信息的优点,能够增强目标跟踪过程准确度。由于加入了目标的区域信息,对目标跟踪中出现的漂移现象更加鲁棒。实验结果表明,本方法在进行目标跟踪过程中对出现的漂移、遮挡等问题更加鲁棒、稳定。     

加权模型下的相似匹配跟踪方法

针对传统跟踪方法易受相似物遮挡而导致丢失目标问题,提出一种加权模型下的相似匹配跟踪方法。首先,将目标区域分割成局部特征块,并为其分配权重,建立带权局部特征块组成的外观模型;然后,利用目标的颜色、位置特征进行相似性匹配,为了避免复杂背景干扰,在匹配前划分前景区域,从而实现较准确跟踪;最后,提出一种遮挡决策模型更新机制,通过对目标发生严重遮挡进行判定,保证模型的匹配鲁棒性。实验结果表明,利用加权模型以及多特征相似匹配,使得该方法能够得到较高的跟踪准确率,平均误差仅为13.21,跟踪重叠率为0.71。     

基于双准则自适应融合的目标跟踪算法

针对单一评判准则较难适应复杂环境下的目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于双评判准则自适应融合的跟踪算法。在该算法中,空间直方图被用作目标表示模型,候选目标与目标模板之间的相似度、以及候选目标与其邻近背景区域之间的对比度被作为目标评判双准则,而目标函数(或似然函数)则由两个准则的加权融合而成。算法是在粒子滤波框架下实现的目标搜索,并采用了模糊逻辑对相似度和对比度的权值进行自适应调节。对人、动物等多个挑战性运动目标的跟踪结果表明,与增量学习跟踪、ι₁跟踪等最新跟踪器相比,所提算法在处理目标的遮挡、形变、旋转以及表观变化方面的综合性能更好,其成功率和平均重叠率指标分别在80%和0.76以上。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.