一种序贯Unscented卡尔曼滤波在微小型无人直升机导航系统中的应用

对于应用到微小型无人直升机上的低成本捷联惯导（SINS）/GPS组合导航系统来说,SINS Ψ角误差模型在描述低精度惯性器件误差时对误差项的忽略,使其无法满足SINS误差估计的要求.为了克服Ψ角误差模型的不足,本文建立了基于四元数的SINS非线性误差模型.该误差模型无需对失准角进行小角度假设.为了对组合导航系统中的SINS误差进行估计,提出一种序贯Unscented卡尔曼滤波方法.该滤波方法对观测向量进行序贯处理以降低算法的计算量.仿真结果表明,该滤波方法能有效提高低成本SINS/GPS组合导航系统的性能.     

一种自适应滤波方法在捷联惯导系统大失准角初始对准中的应用

为了对静基座大失准角捷联惯导系统(SINS)进行初始对准,建立了在静基座下基于四元数的SINS非线性误差模型。该误差模型无需对姿态误差角进行小角度假设。为了在观测噪声方差未知的情况下估计SINS失准角,提出一种在线估计观测噪声方差矩阵的自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波方法。仿真结果表明,该自适应滤波方法能在观测噪声方差未知的情况下有效地对静基座大失准角SINS进行初始对准。     

随机逼近自适应滤波在捷联惯导系统初始对准中的应用

对于测量噪声方差未知的捷联惯导系统(SINS),采用常规Kalman滤波进行初始对准会造成较大状态估计误差,甚至使滤波器发散。为了解决系统测量噪声方差未知或不确切知道时SINS的误差估计问题,提出一种基于随机逼近的自适应滤波方法。该方法将Robbins-Monro算法与Kalman滤波相结合,通过简化求逆运算,解决了系统观测噪声特性未知情况下SINS的误差估计问题,并提高了算法的数值稳定性。仿真结果表明,该方法能在系统测量噪声方差未知情况下有效实现SINS初始对准。     

一种应用磁强计提高导航系统航向精度的方法

针对静止与匀速运动状态下低成本SINS/GPS组合导航系统航向角可观性差的问题,采用磁强计与低成本SINS/GPS构成新的组合导航系统,以提高系统的航向精度.给出了完整的组合导航系统卡尔曼滤波模型,利用Simulink进行了仿真实验.仿真结果表明:在静止与匀速运动状态下,SINS/GPS组合导航系统航向角误差发散,而SINS/GPS/磁强计组合导航系统的航向角有效收敛.利用某型系统进行了静态实验,实验表明:在传感器精度较差的条件下,SINS/GPS/磁强计组合系统航向角仍可以有效收敛,收敛后姿态角误差标准差小于0.2.静态实验验证了该方法在实际应用中的有效性.     

GPS/SINS/Odometer组合导航系统的研究

针对全球定位系统(GPS)和捷联惯性导航系统(SINS)组成的车载导航系统在GPS失效时精度会快速下降的问题,提出了GPS/SINS/Odometer(里程计)组合导航定位系统,采用联邦卡尔曼滤波对SINS进行误差估计并作反馈校正。当GPS无效时,就可以使用里程计辅助SINS。实验结果表明,在GPS失效的时间段内,该组合系统可以有效地抑制SINS的误差发散,并将其误差限制在较低的水平,保证了组合导航系统的精度与可靠性。     

基于不确定融合的GPS/INS 组合导航滤波算法

针对实际车载组合导航系统测量中不确定噪声的问题,提出一种基于不确定融合估计的GPS/INS组合导航滤波算法,建立了导航系统的状态方程和观测方程;通过多信源不确定融合估计,得到多传感器的等效测量值以及误差方差阵;对系统方程进行滤波处理,得到车辆的准确位置。车载系统的实测数据表明,不确定噪声下的融合估计结果优于独立白噪声假设下的融合估计,并验证了所提出算法的有效性和实用性。     

SINS/GPS／陆标组合导航在平流层飞艇中的应用

针对平流层飞艇的飞行特点，本文提出了SINS／GPS／陆标组合导航方法，给出了SINS／陆标组合导航的观测模型，并将改进的Sage—Husa自适应滤波方法与联邦滤波相结合，用于SINS／GPS／陆标组合导航系统。数学仿真结果表明：新组合导航方法相对于SINS／GPS组合导航系统，可以有效改善平台误差角的估计精度，同时利用改进的自适应联邦滤波可有效提高全局滤波精度。     

SINS/GPS组合导航系统仿真研究

以某载体的规划航迹数据为对象,针对捷联、卫星组合导航系统(SINS/GPS)进行了仿真研究。由规划航迹数据计算出载体的比力和角速度信息,输入至惯性测量器件模型,模型输出激励捷联解算模块,得到惯导系统输出参数;同时对规划数据添加观测噪声模拟GPS测量值。采用相对简单的基于半位置、半速度误差的误差方程作为状态方程,以松耦合方式进行集中式Kalman滤波,给出了SINS单独工作与SINS/GPS组合得到的半位置、半速度误差分布。对各状态的观测度进行了研究,确定了不可观测的状态并给出了部分状态可观测度的时间分布。仿真结果表明,方法正确有效,可对SINS/GPS组合导航系统进行算法验证和方案性评估。     

高动态GPS/INS组合导航中时间延迟软硬件 补偿算法研究

为了解决高动态条件下GPS/INS组合导航中由于两种导航系统时间异步,卫星导航信息滞后导致导航精度下降的问题,分别提出了利用GPS串口延迟时间段内SINS解算出的导航信息变化量来补偿延迟段内误差的硬件补偿方案和基于卡尔曼滤波对SINS频漂进行估计,采用多项式拟合得到融合点处的SINS计算伪距的软件补偿方案.通过建立模型完成了对SINS频漂量及其他误差量的闭环滤波估计及修正.设计了高动态飞行仿真试验,试验结果表明:补偿后的组合导航系统水平位置精度达到±0.12′;速度稳定后精度达到0.45 m/s.该方法缩短了误差的收敛时间,抑制了飞行状态突变的情况下滤波结果出现跳变剧烈等不利现象的发生,提高了组合导航系统的精度和性能.     

自适应抗差UKF算法在GPS/BD-2组合系统中的应用

针对非线性系统中因噪声模型不准确或测量数据中存在野值而导致无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）结果产生偏差甚至发散的问题,提出了一种自适应抗差无迹卡尔曼滤波（ARUKF）算法。该算法利用抗差估计原理构造抗差方差分量统计量,并由该统计量引入自适应因子来调节增益矩阵,减弱野值对滤波的影响。将ARUKF 算法应用于GPS/BD-2组合导航系统中,仿真实验结果表明,当观测数据中存在野值时,ARUKF算法能够有效地控制观测异常误差的影响,定位精度得到了很大提高,并在不同系统噪声和观测噪声方差下,具有较好的鲁棒性和实时性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.