绿色工艺技术在电镀锡产线的应用

针对镀锡板绿色发展的终极目标,为解决镀层质量、镀层铅含量以及无铬钝化的工艺技术难题,系统优化了电镀液工艺参数,设计了开发了镀层超低铅工艺和无铬钝化工艺及装备技术。结果表明：以添加剂浓度为代表的核心工艺参数在40～50 mL/L时可提升镀层质量和产品耐蚀性;采用低铅工艺技术和装备技术可实现镀层铅含量小于50 mg/kg的超低铅镀锡板的生产制造;采用喷涂型无铬钝化体系和无铬钝化装备可替代重铬酸盐钝化工艺,已广泛应用于食品饮料包装行业。     

The development of coatings using combinatorial/high throughput methods: a review of the current status

Combinatorial chemistry is a relatively new experimental methodology developed by academics and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry to reduce the time and cost associated with drug development. Basically, combinatorial chemistry involves the rapid synthesis and evaluation of large numbers of compounds in parallel using robotics, rapid analytical instrumentation, and data management software. More recently, the principles of combinatorial chemistry have been applied to materials development, and interest in this area is increasing rapidly. This interest can be attributed to the potential for obtaining a major competitive advantage by implementing a combinatorial approach. This document provides an introduction to combinatorial materials science and provides a review of efforts aimed at developing combinatorial workflows for coating development. While the application of combinatorial methods to coating development is still in its infancy, full combinatorial workflows have been developed within a few different organizations. Presented at the 2006 FutureCoat! conference, sponsored by the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, in New Orleans, LA, on November 1–3, 2006.     

Slot die coating of lithium-ion battery electrodes: investigations on edge effect issues for stripe and pattern coatings

An important step in the production of lithium-ion batteries is the coating of electrodes onto conducting foils. The most frequently used coating method in industry is slot die coating. This process allows the reproducible preparation of thin functional films at high velocities. A phenomenon that is often neglected in scientific studies and has attracted little attention, compared to film stability, is the inevitable presence of edge effects. Film elevations appear at the coating edges and at the start of each single patch during intermittent coating. These superelevations will cause problems at the downstream cell-assembling steps. In this study the influence of dynamic and geometric coating parameters on the shaping of coating edge effects was investigated. A quantitative measurement technique for edge profiles was developed and implemented. Film stretching has been identified in literature as a main reason for edge effects. We could show that varying the coating speed and the gap ratio did not lead to ideal edges, but affected the shape of the coating edges. The elevation height appeared to be independent from the varied process parameters, in the range of investigation. Also the gradient at the very edge of the film was not affected by these parameters. Only the edge width showed a disproportionately increasing trend towards higher applied gap ratios. The results indicate that the approach of film stretching is not sufficient to fully describe the cause of superelevations in lithium-ion battery coatings.     

FLUID1ZED BED SPRAY GRANULATION AND FILM COATING A NEW METHOD FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE COATING PROCESS ON A SINGLE SPHERE

The coating and granulation of solid particles in a fluidized bed is a process which converts pumpable and atomizable liquids (solutions, slurries, melts) into granular solids in one step through drying. Although this process has been applied in industry for several years, there is still a lack of understanding the physical fundamentals and the mechanisms by which spherical granules are formed. Hence a new method was developed which allows the direct observation of the subsequent particle-forming mechanisms such as droplet deposition, spreading, wetting and drying. The authors will present a laboratory scale apparatus in which a single freely suspended particle can be coated under well defined and constant coating and drying conditions. With this device, particle-growth-rate and the development of particle morphology were measured and investigated under various experimental conditions.     

Marketing vegetable proteins— The need for a technical understanding of these new food ingredients

The future marketing of soy products is a challenging task. Agricultural research and production have primed the pump. A process and produce development effort has maintained the pressure. Food legislators are urgently trying to find formulae for accommodating this “Novel Food.” Never before have legislators worked so closely with an evolving technology at such an early phase in the deliberations. It is essential that the delivery should do justice to the skills that have fed it. Soy producers must accept responsibility as an integral part of the food industry. The manufacturing food industry has become highly sophisticated and cost conscious, creating requirements for a wide range of food functionalities we can provide. Assignment of a new food ingredient can only be made with a thorough insight into application; its cost structure, its process machinery, its quality parameters, its nutritional significance, etc. Without this, either the wrong choice will be made, or equally dangerous, the wrong claims will be made for the correct choice. The consequent disappointment would at best delay the acceptance of what the soy food ingredient industry is trying to do. Only a commitment to understanding the food industry will allow us to define these requirements correctly and establish for our products a rightful position which we can maintain.     

略谈客车绿色涂装与清洁生产应用要点

客车涂装是一种典型的工业涂装,涂层的防护性及装饰性要求较高。近年来客车涂装不断追求“两高三低”（高质量、高效率,低污染、低能耗、低成本）的发展目标,在实施涂装材料、涂装工艺、涂装装备三位一体的应用过程中,绿色涂装技术得到了广泛的应用。绿色涂装拓展了涂装清洁生产新的局面。     

FLUID1ZED BED SPRAY GRANULATION AND FILM COATING A NEW METHOD FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE COATING PROCESS ON A SINGLE SPHERE

ABSTRACT

The coating and granulation of solid particles in a fluidized bed is a process which converts pumpable and atomizable liquids (solutions, slurries, melts) into granular solids in one step through drying. Although this process has been applied in industry for several years, there is still a lack of understanding the physical fundamentals and the mechanisms by which spherical granules are formed. Hence a new method was developed which allows the direct observation of the subsequent particle-forming mechanisms such as droplet deposition, spreading, wetting and drying. The authors will present a laboratory scale apparatus in which a single freely suspended particle can be coated under well defined and constant coating and drying conditions. With this device, particle-growth-rate and the development of particle morphology were measured and investigated under various experimental conditions.     

A Review on Extraction Techniques and Its Future Applications in Industry

Extraction is a mandatory process for most of the industries, especially in the food processing industry to obtain the targeted compounds from various sources such as plant or seed samples. This review paper provides information about various extraction techniques that are normally used in the edible oil extraction industry. Five extraction techniques are presented in this paper. Among all the techniques presented in this paper, pressing and solvent extraction methods are considered as traditional techniques while supercritical fluid extraction, microwave assisted extraction, and ultrasound assisted extractions are considered as advanced techniques. Both advantages and disadvantages of supercritical fluid extraction, microwave assisted and ultrasound assisted extractions are discussed. Furthermore, the parameters that would affect the output of each technique are included in each section. Nowadays, research is going on to further enhance the extraction method to obtain a higher extraction yield or increase the quality of the extraction product. The enhancement can be either combining two or more extraction techniques into one complete process or modifying the available technique alone. Therefore, the theoretical knowledge provided in this review will be useful for future researchers who are interested in enhancing the extraction techniques. Practical Applications : Extraction is a mandatory process in edible oil extraction industry. Extraction industry is always looking for a process which is high efficiency and low extraction cost. Therefore, various advanced techniques or treatments are applied to optimize the oil yield and shorten the extraction time. This paper provides a review on various techniques by summarizing both advantages and disadvantages of each technique. The information can be very useful for improving the current extraction technique to further optimize the oil yield or enhance the quality of oil.     

益生菌在喷雾干燥过程中的活性变化与保护策略

肠道菌群对于人体健康具有重要影响。口服足量的活性益生菌,有助于缓解急慢性肠炎、治疗腹泄、改善消化,已在临床治疗中得到一定应用。在食品市场上,益生菌干粉制剂亟需一种生产成本低、制粉简便的生产方法。喷雾干燥的生产能力强、制粉快速,但干燥过程中,雾化液滴经历一个快速升温与脱水过程,对其中的益生菌带来热胁迫、脱水胁迫、氧化胁迫等多种不利因素,造成菌体活性的大量损失。而喷雾干燥塔的结构,使塔内的液滴干燥过程难以追踪,不利于研究益生菌的失活历程以及探索益生菌与载体材料间的相互作用。本文从雾化液滴在干燥塔内的干燥历程着眼,回顾了益生菌活性随液滴干燥动力学变化的趋势,讨论了益生菌在喷雾干燥中经受的亚细胞结构损伤与功能性损伤,并系统总结了目前文献中报道的提升干燥后益生菌活性的主要方法,包括提升菌体耐受性、优化喷雾干燥条件和采用合适的保护性载体,并着重阐述了载体材料与益生菌细胞间的相互作用关系以及干燥历程的重要影响。文章指出为最大程度上保存喷雾干燥粉末中益生菌的活性,应综合微生物、干燥过程与食品化学（材料学）等领域的保护策略,设计一体化统合生产方案。依据微生物-保护载体间的相互作用设计高效保护配方载体,研发统合从微生物细胞培养至粉末储藏的新型生产工艺,是实验室及工业中合理设计工业级喷雾干燥过程、大量生产高活性益生菌制剂的关键。     

Slot die stripe coating of low viscous fluids

Slot die coating is applied to deposit thin and homogenous films in roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet applications. The critical step in operation is to choose suitable process parameters within the process window. In this work, we investigate an upper limit for stripe coatings. This maximum film thickness is characterized by stripe merging which needs to be avoided in a stable process. It is shown that the upper limit reduces the process window for stripe coatings to a major extent. As a result, stripe coatings at large coating gaps and low viscosities are only possible for relatively thick films. Explaining the upper limit, a theory of balancing the side pressure in the gap region in the cross-web direction has been developed.     

Frying oil use in China

The rapid development of China's economy has resulted in a dramatic increase in the production and purchase of instant fried food products by consumers. China's food industry has relied largely on the importation of soybean oil and palm oil. Palm oil is widely used by the commercial food industry because of its high oxidative stability and low cost. In contrast, the demand for rapeseed oil and peanut oil has gradually increased but only for domestic frying. In the future, specialized frying oils with improved stability and function will be developed for industrial and domestic frying in China.     

利用老卤生产高纯氧化镁技术研究进展

纯碱法具有工艺简单的技术优点,被国内高纯氧化镁生产企业普遍采用,但是它存在生产成本较高的显著缺点。本文系统地综述了目前工业上利用海盐化工、盐湖提钾等过程副产的老卤液生产高纯氧化镁的各种技术,分析了每种生产技术的优缺点。依次介绍了技术成熟、生产成本低、被国际主要的高纯氧化镁生产企业广泛采用的白云石/石灰石法,技术有待改进的氨法,工艺简单、成本较高的纯碱法,以及碳铵法。特别地,详细阐述了直接热解法的技术基础、Aman法热解工艺以及国内对直接热解法工艺的研究进展。重点推介了低水合氯化镁流态化热解生产高纯氧化镁、同时联产工业浓盐酸的最新技术。指出流态化热解技术可能是我国高纯氧化镁产业降低生产成本、提高企业产能、能够取代传统纯碱法的理想工艺路线。     

Economic investigation on the use of internal coating for natural gas trunk-lines

Natural gas transmission through pipeline is the most common method for high capacity gas transmission especially when LNG technology is impossible or uneconomical. These systems are too cost intensive mainly due to fuel consumption of compressor stations. To cope with this problem, internally coated pipeline is considered as an effective approach. A mathematical model was developed in previous study and a visual program was compiled to reach optimum design of natural gas trunk-lines. Effect of different parameters such as pressure, diameter, and material grade can be investigated by developed model. This paper aims to study the effect of surface roughness from economic viewpoint. Results show that internal coating has an insignificant effect on pipeline Life Cycle Cost while it has a considerable decreasing effect on pressure drop and consequently fuel consumption cost. This study shows a coated pipeline is not ever profitable. Internal coating is disadvantageous before breakeven flow rate and breakeven point is a function of other operating conditions. The profitability will increase by increasing flow rate especially at high flow rates. This behavior is a direct result of decrease in laminar sublayer's thickness. Therefore, a detailed economic research seems indispensable over the whole project's lifetime before making any decision about using of internal coating.     

冻干魔芋胶性能的实验研究

介绍了采用冻干工艺获取的优质魔芋胶（KGM）的主要性能及其实验研究。该工艺方法具有成胶薄、韧性好、保存容易而且时间长、复水性好等优点。魔芋胶可广泛用于食品保鲜与储藏以及保健、医疗等方面；由于它价格低，可进一步拓展其应用领域，深受医疗保健人员的关注。     

化学在食品添加剂中的作用

化学在食品添加剂的发展过程中发挥着重要作用,为食品安全保驾护航。以食品添加剂为切入点,阐述化学在食品添加剂的合成加工、检测以及未来发展中发挥的重要作用,从而以小见大,感受化学与社会的紧密联系及化学对于社会发展的促进作用。     

光化学传感器在检测环境中重金属的研究进展

重金属作为一种持久性污染物严重威胁着生态环境和人类健康,发展高效、快速、灵敏的重金属检测手段和分析方法具有很重要的意义。传统的检测技术存在仪器设备昂贵、检测过程繁琐、时性差等缺陷,难以满足当前检测工作的需要。光化学传感器作为一种选择性好、灵敏度高、分析速度快、成本低等多种优点的高新技术化学传感器,能在复杂体系中进行在线连续监测,广泛应用于化学、环境科学、食品和生命科学等领域。综述了近年来常用的光化学传感器及其在环境中重金属检测方面的应用,并对环境中重金属离子检测方法进行了讨论和展望,旨在为重金属污染物检测研究的发展和进步提供参考。     

Recent progress in corrosion protection of magnesium alloys by organic coatings

The excellent properties of magnesium alloys, especially the high strength/weight ratio, make them desirable materials in the automotive industry. However, their high corrosion susceptibility has greatly limited or even prevented their larger scale use for various applications. Organic coating is one of the most effective ways to prevent magnesium alloys from corrosion. In this report, the recent progress of organic coatings on magnesium alloys and techniques for evaluating the performance of organic coatings are reviewed.As a critical layer in a normal coating system, organic coating has great potential to prevent magnesium alloys from corrosion attack. However, some unsolved problems currently limit the application of organic coatings. Firstly, organic coatings usually have poor adhesion if they are applied without an appropriate pre-treatment. Sol–gel coating or plasma polymerization requires the least pre-treatment prior to deposition. However, the corrosion and wear resistance of these coatings have not been documented. Secondly, it is difficult to prepare a uniform, pore-free organic layer. So, it is usually necessary to apply multiple layers of these coatings to provide sufficient/optimum corrosion and wear resistance. Finally, a number of organic coating techniques are still solvent based, which poses an environmental concern. New water-borne and powder coating technologies should be developed.In order to evaluate the performance of organic coatings on magnesium, both electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques have been developed. Information from different techniques gives insight into the organic coating/magnesium alloy interface in different aspects. Comprehensive knowledge about the interface is indispensible for understanding the degradation of the organic coating and developing new coating strategies.     

模拟移动床连续离子交换法提取L-谷氨酰胺的工艺研究

L-谷氨酰胺是人体必需氨基酸之一，在医药食品等领域有着广泛的应用。目前，发酵法生产L-谷氨酰胺的提取工艺采用的离子交换方法树脂利用率低，生产周期长，酸碱用量大。模拟移动床（Simulated Moving Bed）连续离子交换技术是一种先进高效的分离方法，采用此方法分离提纯谷氨酰胺发酵液将产生极大的经济效益和社会效益。     

Key factors affecting permeability measurement in the vacuum infusion molding process

The composites industry, under increased environmental constraints, is seeking to shift from existing open mold manufacturing processes for composite parts. A promising manufacturing technology known as the vacuum infusion molding process is gaining acceptance among composite-parts manufacturers since it involves low tooling cost and allows complete elimination of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The process is similar to the resin transfer molding process; however, in the vacuum infusion technique, a polymeric film, often referred to as vacuum bag, replaces the stiff mold cover. The film is sealed against the lower half of the mold, at the periphery. Air expelled from the mold cavity results in the compaction of the reinforcement by the atmospheric pressure present on the outer side of the polymeric film. Finally, resin impregnates the mold cavity, usually through a resin distribution channel. The process is mainly developed for large-scale structures, where material cost is an important parameter and users cannot afford any production pitfalls. Among process parameters that affect resin flow in the vacuum infusion molding process is the permeability of the reinforcement stack, which has to be measured and evaluated taking into consideration the requirements of the process. A possible approach is the definition of a parameter that defines the maximum infused length, and this parameter will take into account the structure of the reinforcement, the resin viscosity, the fiber volume fraction and inlet geometry.     

膜分离技术用于气体脱湿的研究现状

随着膜科学的发展,气体膜分离技术由于具有选择性高、能耗低、费用低、耐用性等优点,优于吸附等传统分离方法,广泛应用于石油、化工、电力、能源和环保等行业,该方法在气体除湿领域表现尤为突出,受到广泛关注。作者详细论述了气体膜分离技术的研究和发展现状,并介绍了分子模拟方法应用于该领域的研究。最后指出,随着膜材料及其制备工艺的发展和新型研究技术的应用与开发等,膜法脱湿将得到更大的发展。