Design and performance evaluation of triboelectrostatic separation system for the separation of PVC and PET materials using a fluidized bed tribocharger

A triboelectrostatic separation system using a fluidized-bed tribocharger for the removal of PVC material in the mixture of PVC/PET plastics was designed and evaluated as a function of tribocharger material, air flow rate, electric field strength, and the mixing ratio of two-component mixed plastics. The test system consists of the fluidized-bed tribocharger, a separation chamber, a collection chamber and a controller. PVC and PET particles can be imparted negative and positive surface charges, respectively, due to the difference in the work function values of plastics suspended in the fluidized-bed tribocharger, and can be separated by passing them through an external electric field. Experimental results show that separation efficiency is strongly dependent on the tribocharger material, electric field strength and particles mixing ratio. In the optimum conditions of 150l/m air flow rate and 2.6 kV/cm electric field strength, highly concentrated PVC (99.1%) can be recovered with a yield of more than 95% from the mixture of PVC and PET materials for a single stage of processing.     

硅烷流化床制备粒状多晶硅的研究进展

硅烷流化床生产粒状多晶硅的技术具有节能、高效、环境友好等优点,是生产太阳能级多晶硅的首选工艺技术,但国内对于该工艺技术的研究仍处于起步阶段。本文简介了硅烷流化床的基本原理,包括操作原理和反应模型,并讨论了温度、硅烷分压、颗粒尺寸以及流化速度等反应条件对硅烷流化床内流动稳定性和硅粉尘产生的影响。根据发展硅烷流化床所面临的热壁沉积、产生硅粉尘、加热方式的选择、硅晶种的获得、气体分布方式的控制以及产品纯度的控制等技术挑战,分析了不同的流化床设计对这些技术挑战的解决方案,指出了不同的流化床设计的优缺点与工业应用前景。讨论了硅烷流化床的CFD模拟与一般的流态化模拟的区别,并回顾了相关的研究工作。最后指明了对硅烷流化床技术的研究应从优化反应条件、改善反应器设计以及完善多尺度模拟硅烷流化床的模型三个方面着手。     

四边形外循环膜生物流化床内液相涡结构特性

针对研究开发的四边形外循环膜生物流化床,构建了气固液三相流可视化平台,应用激光粒子图像测速（PIV）技术分析了曝气强度对流化床液相流场特性的影响,结合涡量法和旋涡强度法分析了旋涡结构特性,初步剖析了流化床多相流运动形成的机理。结果表明,流化床液相速度随曝气强度的增加而增加,流化床形成的环流有助于控制和降低气泡的附壁效应,曝气量分布和气液掺混效果更好,提高了气含率并降低了能耗,最终提高了污水处理效果。由于流化床降流区和升流区的冲击,使整个流化床形成了大量的小尺度涡;填料在整个床体中长期和稳定的流化机理为大量的小尺度涡把受作用下沉的颗粒托浮起来;冲击使得气泡与气泡的碰撞、破碎及合并概率增大,进而增加气液传质效率;固液接触面摩擦增强,进而造成载体生物膜细胞传质浓度边界层趋向不稳定,进而增加了固液的传质效率;气固液三相冲刷膜组件有助于抑制膜污染。四边形外循环膜生物流化床在传质、流化和抑制膜污染上具有独特的优势,是高负荷有机废水好氧生物处理的开发方向。     

不同反应器中氧化反应与水蒸气气化反应协同作用差异性

在?80mm×3000mm气流床和?40mm×200mm流化床中进行了O₂、H₂O、H₂O+O₂气氛下800℃胜利褐煤气化实验，同时在流化床中进行了O₂、H₂O、H₂O+O₂气氛下半焦原位气化实验和H₂O气氛下半焦完全气化实验。比较了2种反应器中氧化反应与水蒸气气化反应协同作用的大小（强弱）；结合实验条件利用缩核模型分别推导了2种反应器中协同作用影响下水蒸气气化反应速率方程；同时，从传质（扩散）速率、动力学、半焦-挥发分相互作用3方面探讨了2种反应器中协同作用存在显著差异的原因。结果发现，气流床中H₂O+O₂气氛下褐煤转化率明显大于H₂O和O₂单独气氛下褐煤转化率之和，其差值稳定在2.11%～4.01%，而在流化床中差值仅为0～0.75%，相对流化床，气流床中协同作用更明显。这是由于，在流化床中水蒸气向炭粒表面扩散的传质速率约为气流床的11%～25%，水蒸气气化过程受气膜扩散控制，炭粒表面水蒸气全部参与气化反应，炭粒表面无“多余”水分子，氧气开孔/扩孔作用提供的活性位“闲置”，而气流床中气化反应为速控步，炭粒表面有“富裕”水分子，可充分利用氧气开孔/扩孔作用提供的活性位，促进作用显著；挥发分-半焦相互作用不是流化床反应器中协同作用不显著的原因。     

SIMULATION OF TRANSPORT DYNAMICS IN FLUIDIZED-BED DRYERS

A mathematical model for predicting three-dimensional, two-phase flow, heat and mass transfer inside fluidized-bed dryers has been developed. The model consists of the full set of partial-differential equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum and energy for both phases inside the dryer, and is coupled with correlations concerning interphase momentum-, heat-, and mass-transfer.

It is shown that the model can predict the most important engineering aspects of a fluidized-bed dryer including pressure drop, particle holdup, temperature distribution in both phases as well as drying efficiency all over the fluidized-bed. Plug-flow conditions are predicted for the gas phase, while back-mixing is predicted for the particles.

The effect of particle mass-flow-rate on fluidized-bed dryer performance is evaluated. It is shown that the lower the particle mass flow-rate, the more intense the horizontal moisture gradients, while the higher the particle rate the more uniform the moisture distribution throughout the bed.     

SIMULATION OF TRANSPORT DYNAMICS IN FLUIDIZED-BED DRYERS

ABSTRACT

A mathematical model for predicting three-dimensional, two-phase flow, heat and mass transfer inside fluidized-bed dryers has been developed. The model consists of the full set of partial-differential equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum and energy for both phases inside the dryer, and is coupled with correlations concerning interphase momentum-, heat-, and mass-transfer.

It is shown that the model can predict the most important engineering aspects of a fluidized-bed dryer including pressure drop, particle holdup, temperature distribution in both phases as well as drying efficiency all over the fluidized-bed. Plug-flow conditions are predicted for the gas phase, while back-mixing is predicted for the particles.

The effect of particle mass-flow-rate on fluidized-bed dryer performance is evaluated. It is shown that the lower the particle mass flow-rate, the more intense the horizontal moisture gradients, while the higher the particle rate the more uniform the moisture distribution throughout the bed.     

几种常用干燥设备的简捷计算方法

为简化干燥设备的设计步骤,根据工业生产实践和经验公式,提出了流化床、振动流化床、内热流化床、惰性粒子流化床、离心喷雾干燥、压力喷雾干燥、旋转闪蒸干燥及气流干燥8种常用干燥设备的主体尺寸的简捷设计方法,并介绍了所有干燥设备都适用的基础计算。所述简捷计算采用了许多来自生产实践的经验数据,对设计工业应用的干燥器有重要的指导作用。除了设备主体尺寸之外,尚有诸多结构尺寸需要确定,设计者需根据自己的经验或参考更为详尽的资料才能完成。     

Computational fluid dynamics and electrostatic modeling of polymerization fluidized-bed reactors

Electrostatics plays an important role in gas-solid polymerization fluidized-bed reactors. Agglomeration of polymer particles can occur due to either electrostatic and/or thermal effects, and can lead to reactor operability problems if not properly mitigated. In this work a first-principles electrostatic model is developed and coupled with a multi-fluid computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model to understand the effect of electrostatics on the bulk polymer, polymer fines, and catalyst particles. The multi-phase CFD model for gas-solid flow is based on the kinetic theory of granular flows and the frictional theory. The electrostatic model is developed based on a fixed, size-dependent charge for each type of particle (catalyst, polymer fines and polymer). The combined CFD model is first verified using simple test cases and then applied to a pilot-plant-scale polymerization fluidized-bed reactor. The multi-phase CFD model is applied to reproduce qualitative trends in particle segregation and entrainment due to electrostatic charges observed in experiments.     

Calculation of the parameters of an ensemble of particles in a well-stirred fluidized-bed reactor

Consideration is made of the problem of determining the parameters (the mass, the particle size distribution, and the entrainment, settling, and drain flows) of a fixed fluidized bed of reacting particles in a continuous reactor in the approximation that the solid phase is well stirred. A closed set of equations for solving this problem is derived. Special cases are studied, namely, beds of constant-size particles or particles contracting or growing during processing in a reactor with or without overflow devices. Formulas are obtained for the fluidized-bed parameters at different particle size distribution functions in the feed flow and also different size dependence of the particle contraction or growth velocity.     

Simulation of the gasification of low-grade fuels in a fluidized bed

Conditions for the simulation of commercial fluidized-bed coal gasification and combustion processes in small experimental forms with the retention of their physical nature are formulated. The procedure for performing experiments in systems with different powers is presented. With the use of particles with a maximum size of 3 mm or smaller, the results of measurements of the gas composition and flow parameters are given for a model reactor 40 mm in diameter—a unit cell of a commercial gas-producer reactor.     

Analysis of a model for a nonisothermal continuous fluidized bed catalytic reactor

A three-phase model, consisting of a dilute or bubble phase, an interstitial gas phase and a solids phase, has been developed for a non-isothermal gas fluidized-bed catalytic reactor with continuous circulation of catalyst particles. The dilute phase is assumed to be in plug flow, the interstitial gas is considered to be either perfectly mixed or in plug flow, and the particles are assumed to be perfectly mixed.It is shown that the conversion in a reactor and steady state temperature and concentration profiles are the same irrespectively of the assumed flow pattern in the interstitial gas.The numerical computations were done for the case of a single irreversible reaction with or without catalyst decay and for the case of two consecutive irreversible reactions. In the case of an adiabatic reactor and ordinary exothermic reactions, or in the case of a cooled reactor with a highly exothermic reaction, multiple steady states may occur.     

Aerosol-jet produced,magnetic carrageenan-gel particles: A new affinity chromatography matrix

A new method was developed to produce uniform spherical magnetic carrageenan-gel particles suitable for the affinity chromatography purification of large molecules. A sol-phase of k-carrageenan is pumped into an air jet to produce an aerosol of gel particles. The particle size can be varied by adjusting the air jet velocity. The gel particles are stable in 0-5 mol dm_?3 KCI to 190 psi. The gel particles were used to immobilize soy trypsin inhibitor for the affinity purification of trypsin. The affinity matrix was tested in a packed-bed separator, fluidized-bed separator and a magnetically-stabilized fluidized-bed separator with similar column capacity for each separator.     

A novel technique for particle tracking in cold 2-dimensional fluidized beds—simulating fuel dispersion

This paper presents a novel technique for particle tracking in 2-dimensional fluidized beds operated under ambient conditions. The method is applied to study the mixing mechanisms of fuel particles in fluidized beds and is based on tracking a phosphorescent tracer particle by means of video recording with subsequent digital image analysis. From this, concentration, velocity and dispersion fields of the tracer particle can be obtained with high accuracy. Although the method is restricted to 2-dimensional, it can be applied under flow conditions qualitatively resembling a fluidized-bed combustor. Thus, the experiments cover ranges of bed heights, gas velocities and fuel-to-bed material density and size ratios typical for fluidized-bed combustors. Also, several fluidization regimes (bubbling, turbulent, circulating and pneumatic) are included in the runs.A pattern found in all runs is that the mixing pattern of the tracer (fuel) solids is structured in horizontally aligned vortexes induced by the bubble flow. The main bubble paths always give a low concentration of tracer solids and with the tracer moving upwards, while the downflow of tracer particles in the dense bottom bed is found to take place in zones with low bubble density and at the sidewalls. The amount of bed material (bed height) has a strong influence on the bottom bed dynamics (development and coalescence of bubbles) and, consequently, on the solids mixing process. Local dispersion coefficients reach maximum values around the locations of bubble eruptions, while, in the presence of a dense bottom bed, an increase in fluidization velocity or amount of bed material enhances dispersion. Dispersion is found to be larger in the vertical than in the horizontal direction, confirming the critical character of lateral fuel dispersion in fluidized-bed combustors of large cross section.     

新型流化床造粒器的研究

本文对新型流化床造粒器进行了研究。通过对尿素、氯化钙等物料进行了冷态和热态涂敷造粒实验，确定了适合于涂敷造粒的流化床和分布板的形式，并成功地进行了造粒中试实验。对尿素、氯化钙等物料，单喷嘴产量达到９０ｋｇ／ｈ。     

气体分布板为斜孔的惰性粒子流化床干燥器性能研究

论述了气体分布板是斜孔时的惰性粒子流化床干燥器的流体力学及传质性能，并与直孔分布板干燥器作比较。实验结果表明：气体分布板为斜孔时所造成的旋转气流有助于惰性粒子正常流化状态的产生；与直孔分布板干燥器相比，斜孔分布板干燥器更有利于传质性能的提高，但孔板压降较大。     

传热设备内循环流态化管内自动清洗

内循环流态化换热器的应用效益相当高,但是还不够完善,长期运行过程中可能发生流态化底室筛板部分筛孔堵塞和出口宣沙子跑失的问题。重点研究了采用泡罩板取代筛扳解决堵塞问题后出现的均匀性问题,多方案优化的结果是采用较大直径的泡罩,并且加装一块大孔均布板,可以满足稳定运行的要求。研制成功的传热管管口档罩,不仅具有防止粒子跑失的功能,而且还具有一定的流速调匀作用和防止低流速管创新粒子倒流的稳定功能。     

基于HHT法的流化床内生物质和石英砂双组分颗粒压差脉动信号分析

采用Hilbert-Huang变换方法对流化床内的压差脉动信号进行分析,研究了不同工况下生物质和石英砂双组分颗粒的流动特征。在生物质质量分数为2%情况下对不同气速下压差脉动信号进行边际谱和能量分析,发现压差脉动信号频率主要集中在低频段(0～4 Hz),随气速的增加各阶IMF能量逐渐从高频段向中频段转移;在气速为1.01 m·s^-1情况下对不同生物质质量分数下的压差脉动信号进行能量分析,发现随生物质质量分数增加各阶 IMF能量逐渐从中频段向高频段转移;并借助高速摄影仪对流化床内的颗粒流动状态进行研究分析。结果为进一步研究流化床内气固两相流知识提供一定的理论依据。     

流化振动连续造粒机中成粒规律

对流化振动连续造粒机内的流化机理进行了分析。得出流态化时床内粉料浓度的分布特征,对结构设计具有实际意义,对喷雾造粒过程中两种不同的颗粒成粒机理的分析。可以指导易溶颗粒及颗粒包衣的生产。     

流化床喷雾造粒颗粒包覆过程的因素研究

以玻璃珠为原始晶种分别在流化床喷雾造粒器中进行碳酸钾涂布造粒,考察了床层温度、料液流率、料液浓度和流化气速对颗粒粒径和体积增长的影响;结果表明,料液浓度越高。流化气速越低,其生长速率越大,而床层温度则呈现一定的非单调性。     

基于钙链制氢的双流化床气固流动特性

钙链制氢是一项新颖的制取富氢合成气技术,由此设计并搭建了一套双流化床反应器,该反应器由气化反应器、煅烧反应器、碳酸化反应器、旋风分离器、立管和流动密封阀组成。采用两种不同粒径的白刚玉,研究了该双流化床反应器的气固流动特性,研究了物料总量、颗粒粒径、L阀、气化反应器和煅烧反应器的风速对固体流率的影响,固体流率随着L阀和气化反应器风速的增加而增加。同时研究了L阀风量与固体流率之间的关联式,通过量纲分析和多元线性拟合,得到了它们之间的回归方程,研究结果表明：实验结果和拟合结果吻合得比较好,可以较好地反映L阀风量与固体流率之间的关系。