Numerical modeling of gland seal erosion in a geothermal turbine

Excessive erosion of the low-pressure rotor end gland seal of a 25 MWe geothermal turbine produced a partial loss of turbine vacuum that degraded cycle efficiency. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to identify the causes of erosion and the optimal steam seal system flow conditions for reducing the erosion problem. The predictions were based upon a numerical calculation using a commercial CFD code (Adapco Star-CD) to model the rotor end gland seal with a steam flow containing hard solid particles. The results confirmed that flow conditions play a major role in rotor gland seal erosion. By changing steam seal flow pressures to vary flow, it was confirmed that there is a threshold seal flow condition below which erosion does not occur, or is minimized. Optimizing the rotor end gland seal supply pressure and intercondenser pressure reduced the turbulent flow kinetic energy by 49%, with a corresponding decrease in the erosion rate of the rotor gland seal surface. The erosion rate is related directly to the particle velocity and turbulent flow kinetic energy. Recommendations are provided for adjusting the rotor end gland seal system to avoid erosion.     

Modelling of the flow at the rotor disc in a geothermal turbine of 110 MW

To elucidate an excessive erosion damage produced by solid particles in the fourth stage rotor disc of a 110 MW double flow geothermal turbine, a bi-dimensional modelling investigation has been conducted. The study was based on a set of results from a computational model using a Reynolds stress, RSM, turbulence model. The predicted results confirmed characteristic flow conditions that may play a main role in the serious erosion of the fourth stage rotor disc governor side, which has been detected in periodic overhauls. The results show a jet of vapour that hits the disc transition radius surface at velocities around 112 m/s. These conditions are produced by the flow outgoing from the labyrinth seal, which passes through a drastic cross-section reduction in the last seal strip. The flow was then simulated introducing specific changes to the geometry and the grid in order to modify the flow patterns favourably. Actually, the suggested changes have been envisaged indeed to be practically feasible of being implemented. The new results showed that it is possible to reduce the erosion process up to 86% by increasing the distance from the labyrinth seal to the rotor disc, which produces a 38% velocity reduction of the vapour flow in that zone. The design proposed in this work produces a flow pattern of a lower velocity on disc surface together with a modified angle of flow incidence. Furthermore, the proposed design also reduces a recirculating flow at the exit of the last seal strip. Based on these results, an analysis of erosion against velocity demonstrates that the redesigned rotor disc proposed here leads to the duplication of the time period used at present between maintenance repairs.     

迷宫密封转子动特性三维CFD数值的研究

1引言旋转机械转子系统中的非接触密封在阻止流体泄漏的同时,还会产生重要的流体激振力,影响转子振动稳定性。与动压滑动轴承的油膜类似,密封中流体膜(汽膜、水膜或油膜)动力特性中的交叉刚度k是促使转子做非同步低频涡动的激振力来源,直接阻尼C可以生成对这种低频涡动的抑制力     

汽轮机叶顶汽封间隙内的流动损失分析

为了揭示叶顶汽封结构变化对泄漏损失的影响,提高汽轮机运行效率,数值研究了平齿汽封、高低齿汽封和侧齿汽封3种不同叶顶汽封结构下汽轮机高压转子间隙泄漏的流动形态、间隙涡系的形成机理和发展规律,研究表明:在叶顶汽封腔室复杂的周向螺旋状的涡动中,泄漏流体的周向速度是影响漩涡耗散的一个重要因素;高低齿及侧齿的汽封结构可以增强漩涡之间的相互作用,降低泄漏流体的周向速度,使漩涡在腔室内的耗散更加充分;由于掺混损失降低,高低齿及侧齿汽封的泄漏总损失较平齿汽封相比分别下降7.1%和9.8%。     

变工况下高低齿迷宫密封泄漏特性及结构优化

高低齿迷宫密封是透平机械中抑制流体泄漏的关键部件。以某机组隔板密封为对象建立高低齿迷宫的计算流体力学(CFD)模型,研究由变工况引起的转子轴向偏移对密封泄漏特性的影响,并通过调整转子凸台宽度和密封腔高度对密封结构进行优化。结果表明:原始结构设计下,转子轴向偏移±3 mm内,泄漏量并未发生大幅度的上升;在-2~1.5 mm范围内泄漏量有所下降,说明在工况变动不大时,密封性能有所提高,但超出±3 mm的范围,泄漏量呈突增趋势;泄漏量分别随转子凸台宽度和密封腔高度呈二次非线性变化,存在一个最佳值使泄漏量达到最小,最佳凸台宽度和密封腔高度分别为5.13和7.5 mm;结构优化后密封泄漏量在正常工况及变工况下均小于原始结构,密封性能得到提高。     

高低齿汽封与蜂窝汽封及孑L式阻尼汽封密封性能的比较

使用商用CFD软件Fluent对高低齿汽封、蜂窝汽封及孔式阻尼汽封进行了三维数值模拟,得到三种汽封在不同压比、轴转速和汽封相对间隙时的密封性能,并将高低齿汽封和蜂窝汽封计算值与试验数据进行了对比．结果表明：高低齿汽封流量系数随压比增大而增大,随转速加快而略有减小,随相对间隙的增大而减小;蜂窝汽封与孔式阻尼汽封的流量系数均随压比增大而减小,随转速加快而略有减小,基本呈直线变化规律,随相对间隙的增大而增大;在相同的条件下,蜂窝汽封的漏汽量比高低齿汽封的漏气量减少10％,而孔式阻尼汽封的漏汽量比蜂窝汽封漏汽量减少6％．     

汽轮机转子涡动汽流激振力分析与CFD数值模拟

汽轮机转子涡动时轴心偏离静子中心产生轴系失稳的Thomas/Alford汽流激振力,传统的叶顶间隙激振力公式对此不能全面准确评估。该文综合考虑转子涡动以及围带汽封二次流,在动叶通道,根据蒸汽做功分析涡动效应激振力;在叶顶围带汽封,用CFD数值模拟泄漏蒸汽三维粘性流场,确定蒸汽激振力。研究结果表明小的静偏心和动偏心条件下,转子涡动动偏心在动叶通道诱发的激振力要大于静偏心激振力;围带汽封汽流预旋速度对间隙激振力有重要影响;调门不对称进汽也是蒸汽激振力的另一个重要来源。     

Flow analysis and performance improvement of a radial inflow turbine with back cavity under variable operation condition of compressed air energy storage

Radial inflow turbine is an important working output device in compressed air energy storage (CAES) system. It influences the system's efficiency significantly. However, the investigation about effect of back cavity leakage flow on flow loss in radial unshrouded rotor is still needed, especially under variable operation condition of CAES system. Therefore, the performance of radial turbine with back cavity at different total expansion ratio is revealed in the present work. Results illustrate that the variation of labyrinth seal clearance in the original back cavity has limited impact on the leakage flow and the isentropic efficiency. The isentropic efficiency only reduced by 0.11%, and the leakage flow rate is only increased by 0.017 kg/s when labyrinth seal size varies from 0.09 to 0.20 mm. The fluid in back cavity intends to leak into the rotor channel and causes more flow loss; the isentropic efficiency under different total expansion ratio is thus decreased, and a maximum isentropic efficiency reduction of 1.5% is obtained when total expansion ratio is 2.89. To control the flow loss, a “rotor‐back cavity seal” is proposed, and a maximum isentropic efficiency increment of 1.12% is achieved when total expansion ratio is 2.89.     

转子轴向偏移对交错齿迷宫密封动力特性的影响

为了分析汽轮机转子轴向偏移对交错齿迷宫密封动力特性的影响,建立了交错齿迷宫的三维CFD模型,并利用Fluent软件计算了在不同轴向偏移下的转子表面汽流力,得到了不同的动力特性系数.结果表明:交错齿迷宫密封的转子从中间位置逆着汽流方向发生轴向偏移后,系统的稳定性提高;反之,如其从中间位置沿着汽流方向发生轴向偏移后,则系统的稳定性降低.为此提出:在汽轮机安装时,使转子逆汽流方向有一定的热膨胀预留量,可提高系统的稳定性.     

超微燃气透平非接触式密封的三维CFD数值分析

提出将螺旋密封应用于超微燃气透平气体介质密封.采用三维CFD数值计算方法分析了微尺度下无密封齿、迷宫密封和螺旋密封的泄漏规律及流场规律.结果表明:微尺度下迷宫密封最优齿数的存在与进、出口压比和密封间隙有关,而齿形对密封性能的影响没有宏观尺度下明显.在小压比下,密封轴转速对螺旋密封性能的提高明显,其泄漏减少量最高可达19.3%,因此螺旋密封显然优于迷宫密封和无密封齿;在大压比下,螺旋密封与迷宫密封的效果相当,均优于无密封齿.当压比为2时,迷宫密封的泄漏率比无密封齿降低27.1%.     

大型旋转机械中汽封间隙流激振分析_非定常欧拉解

从汽封内理想振荡流场的振幅方程出发 ,通过合理的数学分析与推导 ,得到汽封内汽流对转子激振力的表达式 ,这一表达式能真正反映汽封内振荡汽流对转子的作用机理 ,通过分析 ,找到了导致转子不稳定振动的真正因素     

低压隔板低直径汽封和对齿式汽封的数值分析

在汽轮机低压末几级隔板中,有两种比较典型的汽封结构形式——低直径汽封和对齿迷宫式汽封。在某600MW机组改造末三级长叶片优选过程中,针对两种类型的隔板汽封,在末三级环境中,开展全三维CFD分析,对比两者的密封效果,及对整个级效率的影响。数值结果表明,两种汽封结构均有较好的密封效果,对齿迷宫式汽封配合新型设计的末三级叶片,具有较高的气动效率,有助于改善600MW机组低压缸整体经济性。     

转静盘腔中蒸汽/空气瞬态响应特性对比

为对比蒸汽和空气在转静盘腔中的瞬态响应特性,建立了转静盘腔数值计算模型,基于用户自定义函数编程编写了非稳态边界条件,通过CFD非稳态数值模拟方法研究了进口压力以阶跃函数和斜坡函数变化时蒸汽和空气流动的瞬态响应特性。研究表明:蒸汽的瞬态响应特性明显优于空气;同一无量纲跃升幅值下,两种介质瞬态响应过程的总体趋势基本相同;当无量纲跃升幅值由1. 05增至1. 25时,蒸汽总温的超调量比空气平均低45. 9%;斜坡时间由0. 025 s增至0. 16 s时,蒸汽总温的超调量比空气平均低39. 4%;对于同一流动参数,蒸汽的响应时间要明显少于空气。     

高速齿轮箱迷宫密封流场和泄漏特性的数值研究

以某型大功率机车传动齿轮箱轴端迷宫密封为研究对象,建立错齿式迷宫密封的数值仿真模型。通过分析迷宫密封的密封机理和对泄漏量的影响因素,确定了数值模拟的边界条件。应用Fluent软件,求解N-5方程和能量方程,模拟迷宫密封腔内流场分布及泄漏特性,研究转速、压比和密封齿隙对泄漏特性的影响规律。研究结果表明：随着进出口压比的增加,泄漏系数先快速增加后趋于平缓;转速对泄漏系数影响很小;泄漏系数与齿隙呈分段线性关系。     

Numerical investigation of the solid particle erosion rate in a steam turbine nozzle

A numerical investigation of solid particle erosion in the nozzle of 300 MW steam turbine is presented. The analysis consists in the application of the discrete phase model, for modelling the solid particles flow, and the Eulerian conservation equations to the continuous phase. The numerical study employs a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, based on a finite volume method.The investigation permits us to know the influence of the parameters such as: particle diameter, impact angle, particle velocity and particle distribution on the erosion rate in the surface of the nozzle. These parameters are analyzed to different operational conditions in the turbine.The results show the eroded zone which increases the throat area through the nozzle provoking changes in the operation conditions. When the throat area increases the turbine demands an increase of steam flow to maintain the power supply. On the other hand, it is shown that the solid particles flow cause the most severe the erosion rate whereas the steam mass flow rate is the most sensitive parameter. Finally it is obtained that the erosion rate decreases as the diameter of the particle increases in a nearly linear form.     

动静态下汽封间隙对汽封性能的影响研究

应用Fluent软件,采用SIMPLE算法、RNG k-ε双方程紊流模型和有限体积法离散N-S方程,对动静状态下汽封内的三维流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在汽封间隙内部的泄漏流动中,黏性作用是不占主导地位的。间隙值越大,漏泄现象就越严重。转子旋转效应的影响存在于近壁区内,但汽封间隙变化对漏汽量的影响要远大于旋转效应所产生的影响。不同间隙下转速对间隙内流场的流线存在一定的影响,汽封间隙较小时漏汽平均速度受转子转速的影响要大一些。     

防旋板高度对迷宫密封泄漏流动和转子动力特性的影响

采用基于转子多频椭圆涡动模型的Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS)方程求解方法,研究了防旋板高度与第1个迷宫齿前缘高度相同时,防旋板高度对迷宫密封泄漏流动和转子动力特性系数的影响.计算分析了典型中等进口预旋条件下,无防旋板结构以及防旋板高度为1.85,3.7和...     

汽封力作用下的转子-轴承系统稳定性研究

通过分析汽封力对轴承静态平衡点的影响,表明汽封力能够改变轴承的静、动特性。计算了滑动轴承油膜力和汽封力共同作用下的系统一阶临界转速和一阶对数衰减率,并用实验进行了验证。研究表明,汽封力对系统稳定性的影响是复杂的,其影响因素包括进出口压力、进口预选速度、密封参数等。     

Modelling of the flow at the last stage blade tenon in a geothermal turbine using renormalization group theory turbulence model

A bi-dimensional modelling investigation of the flow in the last stage of a 110 MW geothermal turbine has been conducted. The study was based upon a Renormalization Group Theory turbulence model. The results confirmed the existence of flow conditions which may play a main role in the erosion of the L-0 stage blade tenon, which had been detected in periodic overhauls. According to predicted results the relationship between erosion and flow patterns might exist due to: (1) a vapour jet hitting directly on tenon surface at velocities around 65 m/s; (2) a low-pressure region identified with recirculating flow, which may be causing cavitation on the damaged surface. Afterwards, the flow was simulated with changes on the geometry and grid. These changes are, indeed, practically feasible of being implemented. The simulations showed that it is possible to reduce the erosion process by enlarging a flat region close to the L-0 rotor stage. Namely, this change of geometry produces a flow pattern that diminishes the strength of recirculation flow making it possible to reduce both the flow rate through tenon region and its velocity on tenon surface. The pressure drop diminishes as well, clearly reducing a risk of cavitation.     

液体环形密封转子动力特性CFD数值计算分析

首先研究建立环形密封物理模型和划分计算区域网格的方法;然后选择计算模型,确定边界条件,利用有限体积法的CFD-Fluent软件,计算该密封流体激振力和泄漏量;最后依据转子动力模型和激振力方程,计算环形密封动特性系数,与Lindsey的实验结果和Childs的理论计算结果进行了比较,结果表明本文的CFD数值计算结果比基于整体流动理论的计算结果更接近实验值。