人体手背皮肤的摩擦学特性试验研究

为了研究手部皮肤的生物、摩擦学特性和为护手产品的相关研究提供科学依据，采用微观摩擦试验机测定手背皮肤的摩擦因数，经过对24位健康志愿者的左右手手背皮肤表面的摩擦学特性试验，结果是：在受试者手背皮肤保持自然洁净的情况下，女性左、右手手背皮肤的摩擦因数平均值分别为0．49和0．48，而男性左、右手手背皮肤的摩擦因数平均值分别为0.38和0.39；在受试者手背涂抹护肤用甘油后，其皮肤的摩擦因数明显升高且均超过1，保持时间大约220min。研究结果表明：男性手背的摩擦因数比女性偏低；男、女手背不同位置处皮肤的摩擦因数相差不大；人体左、右手手背的摩擦因数无明显差别；甘油的润肤保湿效果显著。     

织物纹理在润滑条件下摩擦学性能的研究

对涤纶织物表面的纹理进行摩擦学性能试验研究。将表面为斜纹、平纹、仿平的3种纹理的涤纶织物试样分别黏附在45#钢盘表面,与直径为4mm的GCr15销配副,分别在机油和石蜡润滑下,在UMT-Ⅱ销-盘试验机上进行试验,研究其在不同速度和载荷下的摩擦学性能。结果表明,不同纹理的涤纶织物,相对于光滑试样均能显著降低摩擦因数,但其需要相对较长的跑合时间才能进入稳定的摩擦状态;润滑液黏度较高时,带有斜纹纹理的涤纶织物摩擦因数最低,润滑液黏度较低时,带有仿平纹理的涤纶织物摩擦因数最低。     

高载荷条件下石墨-石墨摩擦副的摩擦学特性研究

利用研制的高载荷条件下摩擦因数测试装置,研究了石墨/石墨摩擦副在空气、水和油介质中的摩擦学特性。结果表明在4~15MPa范围内,随着载荷的增加,摩擦副在空气、水和油介质中的摩擦因数都逐渐降低;在油介质中摩擦副的摩擦因数最小,在水介质中摩擦因数变化最平稳,在空气中摩擦因数最大,且随载荷的增加变化幅度最大。磨损表面原始形貌对比分析表明,在空气中,摩擦副表面处于边界润滑状态,主要磨损机制是粘着磨损和犁削;水润滑条件下为轻微犁削;油润滑条件下,摩擦副表面处于为边界润滑和流体润滑状态,油中的减摩剂对试样表面有抛光作用。     

轴颈表面粗糙度对橡胶材料干摩擦特性的影响

当船舶艉轴承供水系统出现故障或轴承过载时,金属轴颈与橡胶轴承之间会发生局部接触而处于干摩擦状态下。为研究金属轴颈表面粗糙度对水润滑橡胶轴承干摩擦特性的影响,采用TIME3230表面粗糙度测量仪对金属轴颈表面微凸体进行测量,得到金属轴颈表面微凸体的位置参数分布曲线,并对其进行去噪处理;利用傅立叶变换重新构造去噪后的金属轴颈表面粗糙度分布,并依据理论计算金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数。金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数计算结果与实际情况吻合,说明建立的轴颈表面粗糙度分布模型合理。分析结果表明:在干摩擦状态下,金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数随着表面粗糙度函数波幅的增大呈线性增大趋势,随着粗糙度分布函数的特征波长系数的增大呈非线性增大;润滑流动方向顺着加工纹理方向时,摩擦因数比垂直加工纹理方向和与加工纹理呈45°时的摩擦因数都小。因此,选择合理的轴承表面粗糙度的幅值和波长可以提高金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦润滑性能;沿加工纹理加工、装配金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副,可降低摩擦因数。     

假肢材料与人体下肢皮肤界面的摩擦特性

采用UMT-II多功能摩擦磨损试验机,在往复摩擦模式下模拟假肢接收腔/残肢皮肤界面,研究了4种不同表面结构的硅胶内衬套材料与皮肤的摩擦学行为。结果表明:硅胶材料/皮肤界面、接收腔/硅胶材料界面在往复摩擦模式初期均会产生相对滑动,摩擦因数较大;随着界面间产生黏着,摩擦因数减小,逐渐趋于稳态。硅胶材料反面上的粗大微凸体,增加了与皮肤的粘结性,摩擦能耗减少;正面上的针织结构不但增加了往复摩擦过程中与接受腔之间的相对滑动量及摩擦能耗,而且减少了其反面与皮肤往复摩擦过程中皮肤协调位移时的变形,从而降低了与皮肤之间的摩擦因数和能量损耗,因此,有利于降低皮肤摩擦损伤的风险,提高残肢患者穿戴舒适性。     

大比压油润滑条件下C/C复合材料的摩擦特性

研究C/C复合材料在油润滑下的摩擦磨损性能,测试C/C复合材料在大比压油润滑条件下的摩擦因数,并与干摩擦工况进行对比。结果表明:在载荷500~720 MPa、速度300~1 200 r/min工况下,油润滑条件下C/C复合材料的摩擦因数在0.1~0.17之间,而在干摩擦条件下摩擦因数在0.13~0.27之间,表明在油润滑条件下C/C复合材料表现出更优的摩擦特性;与油润滑相比,干摩擦条件下C/C复合材料表面的碳纤维显现出明显的磨损痕迹,表明C/C复合材料在油润滑条件下具有更好的耐磨性。     

钢背衬碳纤维织物/环氧复合材料干摩擦特性研究

研究了钢背衬碳纤维织物/环氧复合材料在环-环端面干摩擦状态下的摩擦学特性,考察了MoS2与石墨粉及其配比、衬层厚度、法向载荷对衬层干摩擦性能的影响,用扫描电子显微镜对衬层的磨损表面及对偶件45^#钢环表面进行了观察与分析。结果表明：厚度为1.5mm的试环衬层在摩擦过程中主要表现出粘结磨损特性,而含20%（质量分数）MoS2粉的0.6mm衬层表现出疲劳磨损与磨粒磨损特性。摩擦因数-时间特性曲线表明MoS2粉在降低衬层摩擦因数的同时能够抑制环氧树脂向对偶钢环表面的粘结;石墨对衬层的减摩效果优于MoS2粉,但摩擦温升引起树脂向偶件表面转移增多使得减摩效果大大降低;质量分数为33%的MoS2与石墨粉衬层表现出最佳的摩擦学性能,衬层摩擦因数具有随载荷先减小后上升的趋势。     

湿式制动轴对称摩擦生热与摩擦因数/热磨损特性分析

多片式湿式摩擦制动器工作中产生大量的摩擦热,引起摩擦工作表面产生局部高温、表面氧化和材料系数变化。其中热疲劳磨损和热摩擦因数两者的变化对制动稳定性的影响非常重要,通过建立基于"轴对称"梯度变化的摩擦热流及对流换热热传导数学模型和摩擦因数及热磨损与相关参数响应特性函数模型,分析了摩擦副的瞬态温度、制动时间与摩擦因数、热磨损量、热磨损率之间的对应分布。分析结果表明:温度、时间的变化对摩擦因数、热磨损有很大的影响,通过控制温度、时间可以改变摩擦副材料的摩擦因数、热磨损量,从而在紧急制动、持续制动过程能够减少事故的发生率,同时在研究新材料的摩擦特性及磨损相关性提供了一定的理论依据。     

表面织构在脂润滑条件下的摩擦性能研究

采用声光调Q二极管泵浦Nd:YAG激光加工系统在H13钢表面加工出不同密度的织构,以润滑脂作为润滑剂,利用MMW-1A型微机控制万能摩擦磨损试验机考察表面织构在不同载荷、不同转速条件下的摩擦磨损特性。实验结果表明:在脂润滑条件下表面织构能有效改善摩擦副表面的摩擦性能;与光滑无织构试样相比,表面织构试样的摩擦因数显著降低;一定范围内,随着织构密度的增加,平均摩擦因数呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,且织构密度为10%时的平均摩擦因数最小,最小平均摩擦因数为0.18,较光滑无织构试样减小32.23%;摩擦因数随着试验载荷的增大而减小,但随着转速的增加呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势。     

Fe3Al基复合材料摩擦表面的分形特性研究

利用结构函数法对Fe3A l基复合材料干滑动摩擦表面的分形特性进行了研究,并计算其分形维数。结果表明Fe3A l基复合材料摩擦表面具有明显的分形特征,分形维数和摩擦因数以及磨损率之间有着密切相关性,随着分形维数的增大,摩擦因数和磨损率都逐渐减小,磨损率尤为明显,说明材料摩擦表面形貌特征对其摩擦学性能具有显著影响。     

针织物与皮肤摩擦性能的测试方法

为了研究针织物与皮肤的摩擦性能测试条件,用织物与皮肤摩擦特性测试仪对5种不同规格的针织物和皮肤进行摩擦实验,对比平均动摩擦力、动摩擦力的平均差不匀率和变异系数3个指标的差异,根据摩擦曲线的稳定性和实际测试条件,推荐出常规针织物和皮肤的实验条件。实验发现,张力与动摩擦力呈正相关关系,与动摩擦力的平均差不匀率呈负相关关系,60cN的张力条件下平均动摩擦力的变异系数最小。摩擦速度与动摩擦力的关系不大,500mm/min的摩擦速度下,动摩擦力的变异系数及其差不匀率均最小。另外,以此测试条件在95%的置信概率水平下,每对针织物和皮肤配副进行4次摩擦实验即可满足测试需求。     

Contact of a Finger on Rigid Surfaces and Textiles: Friction Coefficient and Induced Vibrations

The tactile information about object surfaces is obtained through perceived contact stresses and friction-induced vibrations generated by the relative motion between the fingertip and the touched object. The friction forces affect the skin stress-state distribution during surface scanning, while the sliding contact generates vibrations that propagate in the finger skin activating the receptors (mechanoreceptors) and allowing the brain to identify objects and perceive information about their properties. In this article, the friction coefficient between a real human finger and both rigid surfaces and fabrics is retrieved as a function of the contact parameters (load and scanning speed). Then, the analysis of the vibration spectra is carried out to investigate the features of the induced vibrations, measured on the fingernail, as a function of surface textures and contact parameters. While the friction coefficient measurements on rigid surfaces agree with empirical laws found in literature, the behaviour of the friction coefficient when touching a fabric is more complex, and is mainly the function of the textile constructional properties. Results show that frequency spectrum distribution, when touching a rigid surface, is mainly determined by the relative geometry of the two contact surfaces and by the contact parameters. On the contrary, when scanning a fabric, the structure and the deformation of the textile itself largely affect the spectrum of the induced vibration. Finally, some major features of the measured vibrations (frequency distribution and amplitude) are found to be representative of tactile perception compared to psychophysical and neurophysiologic works in literature.     

Development and validation of a new method for measuring friction between skin and nonwoven materials

A new method for measuring the coefficient of friction between nonwoven materials and the curved surface of the volar forearm has been developed and validated. The method was used to measure the coefficient of static friction for three different nonwoven materials on the normal (dry) and over-hydrated volar forearms of five female volunteers (ages 18-44). The method proved simple to run and had good repeatability: the coefficient of variation (standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the mean) for triplets of repeat measurements was usually (80 per cent of the time) less than 10 per cent. Measurements involving the geometrically simpler configuration of pulling a weighted fabric sample horizontally across a quasi-planar area of volar forearm skin proved experimentally more difficult and had poorer repeatability. However, correlations between values of coefficient of static friction derived using the two methods were good (R = 0.81 for normal (dry) skin, and 0.91 for over-hydrated skin). Measurements of the coefficient of static friction for the three nonwovens for normal (dry) and for over-hydrated skin varied in the ranges of about 0.3-0.5 and 0.9-1.3, respectively. In agreement with Amontons' law, coefficients of friction were invariant with normal pressure over the entire experimental range (0.1-8.2 kPa).     

Friction of self-lubricating polymer composites reinforced by heat-resistant fabrics

The effect of a phenolformaldehyde binder and the nature of reinforcing fibers, i.e., polyoxadiazol and carbon fabrics, on the specific features of the friction of polymer composite materials (PCMs) and the formation of their self-lubricating properties is shown. The friction of these PCMs is experimentally studied and an analysis of specific features of this process is carried out based on the first formulated general principle of the structure of a friction surface of these PCMs that implies the rigid fixation of fibers in the structure of a fabric. The effect of properties of the fibers and binder on this process is established.     

Relating Friction on the Human Skin to the Hydration and Temperature of the Skin

The human skin is constantly in interaction with materials and products. Therefore, skin friction is relevant to all people. In the literature, the frictional properties of the skin have been linked to a large variety of variables, like age, gender and hydration. The present study compares the data of 450 skin friction measurements with the skin hydration and skin temperature on four locations on the body, measured with four materials: stainless steel (SST), aluminum (Al), PE and PTFE. The median skin temperature was 32.1 °C and the median skin hydration was 25.5 AU, as measured with a Corneometer. The median coefficient of friction was 0.52 for the static coefficient of friction and 0.36 for the dynamic coefficient of friction. There was a linear relationship between those two types of coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction was highest for SST and lowest for PTFE. The frictional properties depend on the skin hydration and skin temperature. Gender differences were found for both skin hydration and coefficient of friction. Most of the variation in the coefficients of friction could be explained by the differences in hydration.     

Enhancing tribological performance of the magnetic tape/guide interface by laser surface texturing

The friction coefficient is an important parameter in designing magnetic tape transports. We have introduced a novel approach to reduce the friction coefficient between guides and magnetic tape by laser surface texturing the cylindrical guides. The surface features enhance the formation of an air bearing and hence reduce the friction coefficient.     

人工髋关节球形凹坑微织构表面摩擦学性能研究*

为改善人工髋关节表面的摩擦学性能,在人工髋关节表面设计球形凹坑微织构;建立人工髋关节微织构表面的流体动压润滑模型,利用CFD软件ANSYS Fluent对微织构表面流体动压进行数值分析,得到摩擦副表面相对滑动时产生的油膜平均承载力以及摩擦因数,并分析表面微织构参数对摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:在给定的织构参数范围内,平均承载力随深径比的增加呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势,随面积密度的增加呈先升高再降低的趋势;摩擦因数随深径比和面积密度增加的变化趋势与平均承载力相反;织构的最优参数分别为深径比0.06,面积密度25%。因此,在人工髋关节表面设置合适参数的球形凹坑微织构可以提高油膜平均承载力和降低摩擦因数,从而起到减小关节的摩擦磨损提高人工关节使用寿命的作用。     

人工髋关节织构化表面摩擦学性能研究

为研究微织构形状对人工髋关节表面摩擦特性的影响,在人工髋关节表面分别设计仿生菱形织构、圆柱形织构和圆环形织构,以雷诺方程为理论研究基础建立流体动压润滑模型,用ANSYS Fluent进行数值模拟,得到微织构表面润滑油膜的平均承载力和摩擦因数,并比较不同织构形状的摩擦学性能。结果表明：在所选织构参数、工况参数范围内,平均承载力随着面积率增大以及滑动速度的提高均呈现上升趋势,在面积率为25%、滑动速度为0.3 m/s时达到最大;摩擦因数随着织构面积率的增大而呈下降趋势,在面积率25%达到最小值,摩擦因数与滑动速度的关系则因织构形状的不同存在一定的差异;研究的3种形状微织构中,仿生菱形织构的摩擦学性能最佳。因此合理选择织构形状可以减少人工髋关节摩擦副表面间的磨损。     

Evaluation of Nanoscale Friction Depth Distribution in ZDDP and MoDTC Tribochemical Reacted Films Using a Nanoscratch Method

The distributions of local friction coefficients relative to the depth and near the surface of MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms were successfully evaluated by using a nanoscratch method combined with in situ AFM observation. It was found that both tribofilms were friction-functionally graded materials. The friction coefficients decreased from 0.35 to 0.16 with a decrease in the scratch depth from 60 to 10 nm. It was observed that the MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms possessed different shear strength levels near the surface as evidenced by the different valley-shaped friction coefficient distributions they exhibited for scratch depths ranging from 2 to 10 nm. Based on our recent nanomechanical measurements, this observation indicated that both tribofilms possessed an ultra-low friction inner skin layer at a depth of about 10 nm below the surface. Most importantly, the inner skin layer of the MoDTC/ZDDP tribofilm possessed a lower friction coefficient than that of the ZDDP tribofilm (0.084 versus 0.104) and was thinner (about 3.2 nm versus 6.4 nm). These results thus revealed that the reduction in friction attributed to the MoDTC additive originates from the different friction behavior of the inner skin layers of the MoDTC/ZDDP and ZDDP tribofilms. These nanoscratch results agree with the findings of our recent work on detecting differences in mechanical properties between these tribofilms by nanoindentation measurements.