锅炉过热器管弯头开裂失效分析

某12Cr1MoVG钢锅炉在投入使用数月后发现过热器管弯头处发生开裂.采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对锅炉过热器管弯头开裂进行了失效分析.结果 表明:过热器管弯头失效的主要原因为碱性环境下的应力腐蚀和氢脆,过热器管弯头在运行过程中局部存在浓缩碱溶液,浓缩碱溶液在高温和水的作用下腐蚀管道内壁并生成微量的氢,氢在残余应力的作用下侵入金属内部并在晶界处聚集引发氢脆,这是造成弯头内壁形成大量沿晶裂纹的根本原因.     

1Cr5Mo钢弯管开裂原因分析

采用化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相分析、断口形貌观察和断口波谱成分分析等方法对1Cr5Mo钢工艺管线弯头开裂原因进行了分析,并用有限元法计算分析了管线弯头的应力分布。结果表明,弯管材料成分中含碳量偏高,导致其塑性较差。在介质腐蚀下,弯管的上弯头内壁出现裂纹,在较高应力作用下裂纹不断扩展,最终形成穿透性裂纹,是典型的应力腐蚀开裂。     

12Cr1MoV钢高温过热器管爆裂分析

某电厂的12Cr1MoV钢高温段过热器管在使用2a(年)后发生爆裂。采用宏观和微观分析方法分析了爆裂的原因。结果表明:由于管壁穿孔引起锅炉的汽水循环不畅,高温过热器管局部超温运行,导致管材发生高温腐蚀及珠光体完全球化,引发多处横裂源,进一步导致两处发生同一径向的纵裂。     

某热电厂高温过热器蛇形管开裂原因分析

某热电厂60%的高温过热器蛇形管在安装运行10 h后就发生了开裂失效。采用磁粉探伤检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验、拉伸试验等多种手段分析了导致蛇形管早期开裂的原因。结果表明:开裂高温过热器蛇形管原材料由于合金元素钼分布不均匀而存在组织偏析,导致局部区域材料的塑性性能和抗腐蚀性能下降;在高温高压水蒸气和钢管自身强残余应力作用下,最终造成蛇形管由内壁向外壁发生了应力腐蚀开裂。     

12Cr1MoV联箱与支管焊缝裂纹分析

为研究某厂联箱与支管运行1.4×105h后发生开裂的原因,采用宏观渗透及光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计等测试方法对失效管进行检测.研究表明:焊后存在焊接缺陷,大量的裂纹垂直于焊缝,加速裂纹的扩展,改变应力分布状态;部分夹杂物沿直线分布,使材料受力具有方向敏感性,导致材料开裂失效;断口表面主要是Fe的氧化物,焊件长期过热,外表面形成不均匀氧化层,产生应力集中,致使焊缝从管壁外侧开裂;母材硬度超标.优化焊接工艺方案,焊前预热焊后回火,消除管件外壁的氧化层及减少设备停机次数均能有效防止同类焊接结构开裂失效.     

12Cr1MoV钢主蒸汽管道开裂分析

用扫描电镜和金相等手段对主蒸汽管道开裂进行了分析，结果表明：因管道长期高温过热和腐蚀至使裂纹长大，造成开裂。     

莫来石陶瓷的室温应力腐蚀开裂行为

分别在空气、蒸馏水和碱性溶液中测定了莫来石陶瓷材料在不同外加应力水平下的室温断裂寿命,探讨了应力腐蚀裂纹缓慢扩展机理．研究表明,在高载荷下,吸附效应为裂纹扩展的主导机理,而在低载荷下,裂纹尖端钝化效应为主导机理．此外,在蒸馏水和碱性溶液两种介质中裂纹扩展指数N值有所不同,反映了介质对水合层的不同溶解能力．     

再生器腐蚀开裂分析与修复

针对再生器壳体应力腐蚀裂纹问题进行了分析,采取对裂纹部位进行挖补、减薄衬里厚度以提高壁温的方法进行了修复。投用后运行良好,该方法既缩短修复工期又节约资金,可供同行借鉴。     

弹壳开裂失效分析

对某型H68黄铜弹壳进行检查时发现大量弹壳存在裂纹。通过对弹壳进行宏观和微观观察、能谱分析、金相检验和残余应力测定等,分析了弹壳开裂的原因。结果表明:弹壳的开裂性质为应力腐蚀开裂,其原因是由于收口位置存在一定的残余拉应力,且该位置的晶粒尺寸较大,在外界介质的协同作用下产生了应力腐蚀裂纹。     

锅炉过热器管爆裂原因分析

针对某热电厂4号锅炉12CrlMoV钢过热器管的爆裂破坏,进行了宏观形貌、化学成分、金相组织、扫描电镜等的分析。结果表明,炉管爆裂的原因是炉内局部温度过高,该处炉管长期过热,管壁组织珠光体球化达到5级．晶界出现蠕变裂纹,导致炉管强度降低所致。     

Some Specific Features of Degradation of Superheater Tubes of the Boilers of Thermal Electric Power Plants Made of 12Kh18N12T Steel

We study the process of degradation and damage for superheater tubes of the pressure boilers of power plants made of austenitic chromium-nickel steel. The role of sensitization and partial sigmatization of austenitic steel in the embrittlement of the tubes is analyzed.__________Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 81–86, July–August, 2004.     

Failure Analysis of Welded Radiant Tubes Made of Cast Heat-Resisting Steel

Radiant tubes made of cast heat-resisting steels were cracked after 4 years of operation at 1020 °C temperature in hydrocarbon cracking furnace. Optical microscopy of the tubes showed that there was extensive precipitation and intermetallic compound formation especially as brittle networks with progressive reduction in toughness and resistance to thermal and mechanical stresses. SEM and EDS analysis proved both decarburization and oxidation on interior and exterior surfaces. Apart from cracking due to long-term heating, the tubes experienced high temperature creep. HAZ cracking after welding of cracked and/or creeped tubes due to formation of brittle carbide networks was overcome by localized solution heat treatment followed by fast dry air cooling. Localized dissolution of carbide networks and intermetallic compounds resulted in lower strain microstructures and enhanced resistance of parts to thermal and mechanical stresses during repair welding. It is evident that localized solution heat treating other than lowering strains can cause the precipitates to be more uniformly and finely distributed. Fast dry air cooling rate after solution heat treating and similar cooling after welding can help to control precipitation of carbides. Detailed non-destructive testing after welding along with tensile testing proved that post-weld cracking was controlled.     

超临界锅炉末级过热器T91钢管爆管原因分析及预防措施

对某超临界锅炉末级过热器T91钢管的爆管原因进行了分析。结果表明:该T91钢管爆管是由于管内壁偏厚的氧化皮剥落,在下弯头处堆积造成管内介质流量减少,引起钢管过热所致。针对该问题,通过对T91等铁素体锅炉钢管进行内壁氧化皮厚度测量,并根据测量结果采取相应措施,可大大减少或避免由于氧化皮剥落、堆积而引起的爆管事故。     

Fatigue Failure of 321 Stainless Steel Superheater Tubes from a Thermal Incinerator

Several boiler superheater tubes showed circumferential cracking at weld seams after 2 years in noncontinuous service (several shutdowns). On-site inspection revealed that several tubes were cracked and leaked; while many others were cracked, however, the severity was less pronounced. Two types of superheater tubes samples were collected: one with butt-welded tubes and the other with fillet-welded sleeve. The latter was found to be out of the boiler fireplace, and the sleeve was used as tubing support to the boiler shell. Detailed investigation showed that the butt-welded tubes contained circumferential fatigue cracks that initiated from the internal surface. The cracks initiated in the heat-affected zone and propagated as a result of tube vibration. The variations in the tube internal diameter and tube wall thickness are expected to play a role in tube fatigue failure. On the other hand, tubes with fillet-weld sleeve showed circumferential cracking as a result of fatigue crack initiation from weld defects on the tube external surface. The high vibration during several unscheduled shutdowns in addition to several other factors such as variations in tube inside diameter, wall thickness, and weld defects resulted in the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks and premature failure. White deposits, similar to those observed when boiler tubes failed by caustic exposure, were seen in the vicinity of the tube cracks. Therefore, it was difficult to confirm whether the boiler tubes failed because of the fatigue cracks or because of the caustic salts (pH control chemical).     

12Cr2MoWVTiB钢高温再热器管氧化膜的特征

电厂的12Cr2MoWVTiB钢高温再热器管实际运行中易出现氧化失效,为了对其实施有效的监督,采用扫描电镜、电子探针和X射线衍射对高温高压水蒸气下运行5.0×10~4h形成的氧化膜形貌、结构、成分及物相进行了分析.结果表明:氧化膜蒸汽侧形貌呈丘状或蘑菇云状,氧化膜基体侧呈方解石状,氧化膜横断面呈石状;氧化膜结构明显分为3层,外层、中间层和内层氧化膜均由粗大的柱状晶构成,各柱状晶层间有大量孔洞,而内层氧化膜与基体结合处氧化膜晶粒为细小等轴晶;O元素含量从外层氧化膜到靠近基体处,存在正的浓度梯度分布,而Fe,Cr,Mo元素含量存在负的浓度梯度分布,Cr,Mo元素在紧靠基体的氧化膜侧产生富集,含量均高于钢基体中的含量;氧化膜物相为Fe_3O_4和FeCr_2O_4.     

低碳钢薄壁焊管液压胀形行为

为了研究焊管液压胀形过程的变形行为,在管材胀形性能测试系统上进行了不同长径比条件下低碳钢(STKM11A)薄壁焊管的胀形实验,获得了焊管的壁厚分布规律、胀形区轮廓形状、极限膨胀率和应变分布规律。结果表明:管材焊缝区的减薄率仅为2.4%~5.5%,等效应变仅为0.05~0.10,变形程度相对母材区较小,主要发生几何位置移动。环向壁厚的最薄点位于以焊缝为中心的对称两侧士30°位置处。随着胀形区长度增大,管材破裂压力、减薄量、极限膨胀率均发生减小,胀形区轮廓逐渐偏离椭圆形,当长径比达到2.0时,已不再适合用椭圆函数描述。此外,胀形区长度增大过程中,管材从双拉向平面应变状态发生转变,在此基础上建立了焊管的成形极限图。     

碱液输储装置用12Cr13钢的热浓碱液腐蚀行为

目前对12Cr13钢在碱液中的腐蚀行为未见研究报道.采用浸泡试验通过调整流速、碱液浓度、浸泡时间等参数研究了12Cr13钢在热浓碱液中的腐蚀行为,以明确不同因素影响碱液腐蚀的规律及碱液腐蚀机理.结果表明:试验范围内12Cr13钢静态下的腐蚀速率大于动态下的,流速增大加速了试样的腐蚀及钝化膜的修复,促进了材料表面钝化膜的生成,降低了腐蚀速率.碱液浓度低(0～20％)时12Cr13钢以钝化为主,腐蚀速率较低,碱液浓度高(＞20％)时由于过钝化溶解,使腐蚀速率显著增大;在45％碱液中12Cr13钢经历着钝化膜的生成、过钝化溶解及钝化膜的修复过程,腐蚀速率随时间增大呈先增大后降低趋势,浸泡7d出现最大腐蚀速率;动态条件下这些过程被加速,腐蚀速率减小,约是静态下的1/2.     

超超临界机组锅炉末级过热器爆管原因分析

通过化学成分分析、金相检验、力学性能测试等手段对某电厂超超临界锅炉末级过热器T91钢管爆裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:爆管系超温运行所致,过热导致钢管材料显微组织老化、力学性能显著下降;并根据现场情况对爆裂管的超温原因进行了分析,认为异物堵塞造成超温的可能性较大。     

锅炉顶棚过热器管开裂原因分析

对某热电厂3号锅炉的无损探伤检查,发现该炉部分顶棚过热器管的背火面上存在裂纹。通过对过热器管的裂纹形貌、化学成分、金相组织和断口等的分析,确认3号锅炉顶棚过热器管的开裂失效性质属于热疲劳破坏。